One of the greatest Homerists of our time, Frederick M. Combellack, argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems, the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

* Homer, Iliad II, 819 – 21 ; V, 217 – 575 ; XIII, 455 – 544 ; XX, 75 – 352 ;

* Homer, Iliad ;

A relationship between objects of art described by Homer and the Mycenaean treasure was generally allowed, and a correct opinion prevailed that, while certainly posterior, the civilization of the Iliad was reminiscent of the Mycenaean.

The Aegis (), as stated in the Iliad, is the shield or buckler or breastplate, of Athena or Zeus, which, according to Homer was fashioned by Hephaestus.

Pope: " Thus on a roe the well-breath'd beagle flies, And rends his hide fresh-bleeding with the dart " The Iliad of Homer ( 1715 – 20 ) Book XV: 697 – 8

The first line of Homer ’ s Iliad —“ Sing, goddess, the wrath of Peleus ’ son Achilles ”— provides an example:

Finally, even after accepting the various alterations admitted by Homer, some lines remain impossible to scan, e. g. Iliad I. 108 “ not a good word spoken nor brought to pass ”:

This may take the form of a purpose ( as in Milton, who proposed " to justify the ways of God to men "); of a question ( as in the Iliad, which Homer initiates by asking a Muse to sing of Achilles ' anger ); or of a situation ( as in the Song of Roland, with Charlemagne in Spain ).

** Iliad, ascribed to Homer ( Greek mythology )

** The Whole Works of Homer Prince of Poets by George Chapman ( 1616 ) a retelling of the Iliad and Odyssey in iambic rhyming couplets: the Iliad in iambic heptameter, and the Odyssey in iambic pentameter.

* Homer ’ s Iliad

* Homer, Iliad xiv. 274 – 9 ; xix. 259f.

Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the Iliad, in which she declares to Zeus, " I am Cronus ' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods.

* 700 BC: Epic poem Iliad by Homer, earliest account on the continent.

In the Western classical tradition, Homer (;, Hómēros ) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet.

The idea that Homer was responsible for just the two outstanding epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, did not win consensus until 350 BC.

One view which attempts to bridge the differences holds that the Iliad was composed by " Homer " in his maturity, while the Odyssey was a work of his old age.

" Samuel Butler argues, based on literary observations, that a young Sicilian woman wrote the Odyssey ( but not the Iliad ), an idea further pursued by Robert Graves in his novel Homer's Daughter and Andrew Dalby in Rediscovering Homer.

Aristotle ( Metaphysics 983b – 987a ) believed that the question of first causes may even have started with Hesiod ( Theogony 116 – 53 ) and Homer ( Iliad 14. 201, 246 ).

It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer.

According to Greek source, the original name of the Lydian kingdom was Maionia ( Μαιονία ), or Maeonia: Homer ( Iliad ii.

Homer describes their capital not as Sardis but as Hyde ( Iliad xx.

The quest of the historical Homer is likely never to have further success ; ;

* Homer, Odyssey I, 28-31 ; XI, 385-464 ;

This takes its beginning from Homer ’ s account, but it is then embroidered ; in particular, Circe ’ s love for Ulysses remains unrequited.

In the following stage, the poets Hesiod and Homer attempt to enumerate the Gods ; Hesiod's Theogony giving the number of twelve.

Despite its explicitly Christian nature, Clement's work draws on Stoic philosophy and pagan literature ; Homer alone is cited over sixty times in the work.

In Homer, her saffron-coloured robe is embroidered or woven with flowers ; rosy-fingered and with golden arms, she is pictured on Attic vases as a beautiful woman, crowned with a tiara or diadem and with the large white-feathered wings of a bird.

Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus ' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC ; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC.

Some of the main trends in modern Homeric scholarship have been, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Analysis and Unitarianism ( see Homeric Question ), schools of thought which emphasized on the one hand the inconsistencies in, and on the other the artistic unity of, Homer ; and in the 20th century and later Oral Theory, the study of the mechanisms and effects of oral transmission, and Neoanalysis, the study of the relationship between Homer and other early epic material.

The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer are well articulated by Matthew Arnold: he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author :— that he is eminently rapid ; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words ; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas ; and finally, that he is eminently noble.

Hesiod ( or ;, Hēsíodos ) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.

* 1892 – Homer Plessy is arrested for refusing to leave his seat in the " whites-only " car of a train ; he would lose the resulting court case, Plessy v. Ferguson.

Propertius, to cite one example, notes Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero-" The verse of Mimnermus is stronger in love than Homer ".

The Greeks of the sixth and early fifth centuries BC understood by " Homer ", generally, " the whole body of heroic tradition as embodied in hexameter verse ".

The peculiar rapidity of Homer is due in great measure to his use of hexameter verse.

The city of Larissa is mentioned on Book II of Iliad by Homer in this verse:

Oral narratives were often told in the form of rhyming or rhythmic verse, often including recurring sections or, in the case of Homer, Homeric epithets.

Alexander Pope ( 21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 ) was an 18th-century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer.

In a lost passage of his Annals, a Roman history in verse, Ennius told how he had seen Homer in a dream, who had assured him that the same soul which had animated both the poets had once belonged to a peacock.

His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Vondel, Homer, Virgil and Dante.

This Apollodorus has been mistakenly identified with Apollodorus of Athens ( born c. 180 BC ), a student of Aristarchus of Samothrace, mainly as it is known — from references in the minor scholia on Homer — that Apollodorus of Athens did leave a similar comprehensive repertory on mythology, in the form of a verse chronicle.

Heroic hexameters were used by Homer, whose phrases and Ionian vocabulary became the mainstay of Tyrtaeus's verse, even though that was composed for Doric-speaking Spartan audiences —"... a measure of the extent to which the Ionian epics had by now created among the Greeks a cultural unity which transcended dialect and ethnic rivalry ".

During this period he started his translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into blank verse, and his versions ( published in 1791 ) were the most significant English renderings of these epic poems since those of Alexander Pope earlier in the century, although later critics have faulted Cowper's Homer for being too much in the mold of John Milton.

He did, however, continue revising his Homer for a second edition of his translation, and, aside from writing the powerful and bleak poem " The Castaway ", penned some English translations of Greek verse and turned some of the Fables of John Gay into Latin.

Ronsard also tried early on to adapt the Pindaric ode into French and, later, to write a nationalist verse epic modelled on Homer and Virgil ( entitled the Franciade ), which he never completed.

The Homeric Allegories, in " political " verse and dedicated initially to the German-born empress Irene and then to Constantine Cotertzes, are two didactic poems in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of allegory: historical (), anagogic () or physical ().

Keats ' generation was familiar enough with the polished literary translations of John Dryden and Alexander Pope, which gave Homer an urbane gloss similar to Virgil, but expressed in blank verse or heroic couplets.

* Poems, including L ' Art de la guerre, poème en dix chants ( 1838 ), and verse translations from Horace and Homer ( 1836 ).

* Homer: The Odyssey ; verse translation in selection, with introduction and notes ; engravings by John Buckland Wright ( Folio Society, 1948 )

* Greek Poetry ; verse translations ; revised and renamed version of 1951 volume, without the passages from Homer ( Everyman Library, 1966 )

He also wrote parodies on Homer, and some lines from a scepticism-themed poem in elegiac verse have been preserved, as well as one or two fragments which cannot be with certainty assigned to any of his poems.

In Plato's Laws, Clinias the Cretan remarks on Homer that "… we Cretans are not much given to cultivating verse of alien origin.

Seeing then that it is not by art that they compose and utter so many fine things about the deeds of men — as you do about Homer — but by a divine dispensation, each is able only to compose that to which the Muse has stirred him, this man dithyrambs, another laudatory odes, another dance-songs, another epic or else iambic verse ; but each is at fault in any other kind.

" The statement ( often repeated ) occurs most famously in Horace's Ars Poetica, near the end, immediately after the " other " most famous quotation from Horace's treatise on poetics, " bonus dormitat Homerus ", or " even Homer nods " ( an indication that even the most skilled poet can compose inferior verse ):

The historical record for Troy is dominated by the epic poems of Homer and peopled with gods and heroes whose identities and histories formed part of the oral tradition of the area for centuries before the great Greek poet committed some of them to verse.

* The Odyssey ( verse adaptation after Homer )- First Produced 1999 Gate Theatre, Notting Hill, London, UK