At present, there is an Advisory Committee ( ACOM ) that provides advice to clients on fisheries and marine ecosystem issues, a Science Committee ( SCICOM ; formally the Consultative Committee as established in the ICES Convention ) that oversees all aspects of the scientific work, and steering groups that coordinate the more than 100 expert groups covering most aspects of the marine ecosystem that work under them.

* ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock ( 2007 )

* ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock ( 2007 )

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES ) ( Conseil International de l ' Exploration de la Mer ( CIEM ) in French ) is the world ’ s oldest intergovernmental science organization.

ICES is a leading multidisciplinary scientific forum for the exchange of information and ideas on all aspects of marine sciences pertaining to the North Atlantic, including the adjacent Baltic Sea and North Sea, and for the promotion and coordination of marine research by scientists within its member nations.

ICES welcomes proposals for stimulating symposia on topics that are fundamental to the science components of the ICES Strategic Plan including ( a ) understanding the physical, chemical, and biological functioning of marine ecosystems, ( b ) understanding and quantifying human impacts on marine ecosystems, including living marine resources, and ( c ) evaluating options for sustainable marine-related industries, particularly fishing and mariculture.

ACOM works on the basis of scientific analyses prepared in the ICES expert groups, and the advisory process includes peer review of the analyses before it can be used as the basis for advice.

Many of these publications can be found on the ICES website for download and viewing.

* ICES Journal of Marine Science ( Journal du Conseil ) constitutes a primary source for articles on fishery-oriented marine science and is a standard reference for work in the fields of ecology, population studies, plankton research, and physical and chemical oceanography, among others.

* ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton ( Fiches d ’ Identification du Plancton ) furnish keys, in a standardized form, for the identification of the major plankton species in the North Atlantic.

* ICES Identification Leaflets for Diseases and Parasites of Fish and Shellfish ( Fiches d ’ Identification des Maladies et Parasites des Poissons, Crustacés et Mollusques )

In addition, the ICES Data Centre acts as the Marine Data Centre for the regional marine convention in the North-East Atlantic ( OSPAR ) and the Baltic Sea ( HELCOM )

The list includes the Marine Conservation Biology Institute and Blue Frontier Campaign in the U. S., The U. K .' s Frontier ( the Society for Environmental Exploration ) and Marine Conservation Society, Australian Marine Conservation Society, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES ), Langkawi Declaration, Oceana, PROFISH, and the Sea Around Us Project, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers, Frozen at Sea Fillets Association and CEDO.

* Froese, R and K Kesner-Reyes ( 2002 ) Impact of Fishing on the Abundance of Marine Species International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES CM 2002 / L: 12.

STECF generally provides its advice to the European Commission taking account of the work conducted by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES ).

Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization ( NAFO ) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks ; however, these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks.

In 2003, ICES stated there is a high risk of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004.

Report of the Joint ICES / NAFO Working Group on Harp and Hooded Seals, ICES Headquarters, 2 – 6 October 2000.

The reports of the expert groups are presented at the ASCs and made available on the ICES website.

* CD-ROMs contain papers ( CM Documents ) presented at ICES Annual Science Conferences and may be ordered from the Secretariat.

: For the ICES civil engineering software package see COGO.

By far, the largest part of this population is the northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the ICES, or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as skrei, a Norwegian name meaning something like " the wanderer ", distinguishing it from coastal cod.

ICES is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, where its multinational Secretariat staff of 51 provide scientific, administrative and secretarial support to the ICES community.

In the late 19th century, a growing concern over the well-being of fish stocks in the North Sea coupled with efforts by different groups of scientists in neighbouring countries to promote and encourage international scientific marine cooperation resulted in the establishment of ICES on July 22, 1902 in Copenhagen, Denmark by eight founding nations: Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

ICES today has 20 member nations including the eight original members plus twelve additional nations: Belgium, Canada, Estonia, France, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and the United States.

The principal decision and policy-making body of ICES is the Council.

During the long history of ICES, the committee and working group structure has changed periodically to reflect the needs of the time.

It explains how ICES will continue to advance scientific knowledge and improve scientific advice, whereas the goals in the Strategic Plan tell what the overall objectives will be.

Some groups produce special reports, such as “ ICES Report on Ocean Climate ” or “ ICES Zooplankton Status Report ”, that are published in the ICES Cooperative Research Report series.

During the year, meetings of the more than 100 expert groups and workshops are held either at ICES headquarters in Copenhagen or at venues in member ( and occasionally affiliate ) nations to address terms of reference developed at the previous ASC.

Symposia are an important part of the ICES work programme, not least because they foster the broadening of the diversity of scientists who participate in ICES activities.

ICES generally sponsors, either itself or in collaboration with other organizations, at least two, and sometimes as many as seven or eight, scientific symposia in a calendar year.

The ICES Recognition Programme honours individuals whose contributions have improved ICES and the community of scientists associated with it, advanced marine science, and / or exemplify the objective application of ICES scientific information to societal decisions concerning the sustainable use of marine ecosystems.

Several large employers include the new Department of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development, the Provincial Addictions Centre, Vital Statistics, On-Line Support, Shoppers Drug Mart, Mariner Seafoods, Cavendish Farms potato processing plant in Pooles Corner, Atlantic Superstore, and Sobeys.

MSU-Naawan also runs the present Naawan Integrated Developmental School-the original Naawan High School, which later on adapted the name Naawan Fisheries High School when the unit was still known as MSU-Institute of Fisheries Research & Development in the 70's, now it is know as MSU-N Integrated Developmental School ( MSU-N-IDS )

To the present day, the School of Fisheries ( now School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences ) has continued the emphasis on fisheries science and on graduate study .< sup ></ sup >

Furthermore, the Local Ministry of Fisheries adheres to very strict rules and regulations regarding the catch of hake.

* FAO ( 2009 ) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Number 1: Fishing operations, supplement 2 Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries Rome.

The industrialized surimi-making process was refined in 1969 by Nishitani Yōsuke of Japan's Hokkaidō Fisheries Experiment Institute to process the increased catch of fish, to revitalize Japan's fish industry, and to make use of what previously was considered " fodder fish.

Fisheries scientists decide the optimal amount of fish ( total allowable catch ) to be harvested in a certain fishery.

Largely a single-issue party, their formation was prompted by those involved in the fishing industry angry at cuts in the amount of fish they were being allowed to catch as a result of the European Union Single Fisheries Policy.

The New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries has reduced catch quotas each year because the species ' maturation and reproduction rates have been repeatedly overestimated.

It was not until October 1, 2004 that the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries included kahawai under its Quota Management System, setting a catch limit of 3, 035 tonnes for the season.

Fisheries scientists sorting a catch of small fish and Norway lobster

Furthermore, the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act in 1951 required the Secretary of State be given data about the catches of salmon and trout to help establish catch limits.

Fisheries scientists sorting a catch of small fish and langoustine.