If the appellate court does find a legal defect in the decision " below " ( i. e., in the lower court ), it may " modify " the ruling to correct the defect, or it may nullify (" reverse " or " vacate ") the whole decision or any part of it.

* Let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T. A step region is formed from a finite union of adjacent rectangles resting on a common base, i. e. S ⊆ Q ⊆ T. If there is a unique number c such that a ( S ) ≤ c ≤ a ( T ) for all such step regions S and T, then a ( Q )

If the resulting four kilobyte table size is too large for a given target platform, the table lookup operation can be performed with a single 256-entry 32-bit ( i. e. 1 kilobyte ) table by the use of circular rotates.

If a description of s, d ( s ), is of minimal length ( i. e. it uses the fewest number of characters ), it is called a minimal description of s. Thus, the length of d ( s ) ( i. e. the number of characters in the description ) is the Kolmogorov complexity of s, written K ( s ).

If a ) testimonies conflict one another, b ) there are a small number of witnesses, c ) the speaker has no integrity, d ) the speaker is overly hesitant or bold, or e ) the speaker is known to have motives for lying, then the epistemologist has reason to be skeptical of the speaker's claims.

If the object point be infinitely distant, all rays received by the first member of the system are parallel, and their intersections, after traversing the system, vary according to their perpendicular height of incidence, i. e. their distance from the axis.

If the above errors be eliminated, the two astigmatic surfaces united, and a sharp image obtained with a wide aperture — there remains the necessity to correct the curvature of the image surface, especially when the image is to be received upon a plane surface, e. g. in photography.

If, in an unsharp image, a patch of light corresponds to an object point, the center of gravity of the patch may be regarded as the image point, this being the point where the plane receiving the image, e. g., a focusing screen, intersects the ray passing through the middle of the stop.

If the ratio a '/ a be sufficiently constant, as is often the case, the above relation reduces to the condition of Airy, i. e. tan w '/ tan w = a constant.

If the creditworthiness of the issuer deteriorates ( e. g. rating downgrade ) and its credit spread widens, the bond price tends to move lower, but, in many cases, the call option part of the convertible bond moves higher ( since credit spread correlates with volatility ).

If the auction is passed out, i. e. no bids are made and only four passes are called, the hands are abandoned and the turn to deal passes in rotation.

If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient ( e. g., an infant with SCID ), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection.

If a Banach algebra has unit 1, then 1 cannot be a commutator ; i. e., for any x, y ∈ A.

If your side has two aces and a void, then you are not at risk of losing the first two tricks, so long as ( a ) your void is useful ( i. e., does not duplicate the function of an ace that your side holds ) and ( b ) you are not vulnerable to the loss of the first two tricks in the fourth suit ( because, for instance, one of the partnership hands holds a singleton in that suit or the protected king, giving your side second round control ).

If one eigenvalue is negative ( i. e., an imaginary frequency ), then the stationary point is a transition structure.

If both high priority substituents are on the same side of the double bond, i. e. in the cis configuration, then the stereoisomer is assigned a Z or Zusammen configuration.

If a 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10 is thrown on the come-out roll ( i. e., if a point is set ), most casinos allow pass line bettors to take odds by placing from one to five times ( and at some casinos, up to 100 times ) the pass line bet behind the pass line.

If matrix support is polar ( e. g. paper, silica etc.

If two cofinal subsets of B have minimal cardinality ( i. e. their cardinality is the cofinality of B ), then they are order isomorphic to each other.

If the disk was not otherwise prepared with a custom format, ( e. g. for data disks ), 664 blocks would be free after formatting, giving 664 × 254 = 168, 656 bytes ( or almost 165 kB ) for user data.

* If is the norm ( usually noted as ) defined in the sequence space ℓ < sup >∞</ sup > of all bounded sequences ( which also matches the non-linear distance measured as the maximum of distances measured on projections into the base subspaces, without requiring the space to be isotropic or even just linear, but only continuous, such norm being definable on all Banach spaces ), and is lower triangular non-singular ( i. e., ) then

If the glass is cooled quickly in the absence of a strong light source by putting ice on the glass or placing it in the freezer with the door almost closed, it turns backwards ( i. e. the silver sides trail ).

If we assume the controller C, the plant P, and the sensor F are linear and time-invariant ( i. e., elements of their transfer function C ( s ), P ( s ), and F ( s ) do not depend on time ), the systems above can be analysed using the Laplace transform on the variables.

If, i. e., it has a large norm with each value of s, and if, then Y ( s ) is approximately equal to R ( s ) and the output closely tracks the reference input.

* If S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a ( T − S ) =

* Every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a ( R ) =

If a is algebraic over K, then K, the set of all polynomials in a with coefficients in K, is not only a ring but a field: an algebraic extension of K which has finite degree over K. In the special case where K = Q is the field of rational numbers, Q is an example of an algebraic number field.

If the object point O is infinitely distant, u1 and u2 are to be replaced by h1 and h2, the perpendicular heights of incidence ; the sine condition then becomes sin u ' 1 / h1 = sin u ' 2 / h2.

If F is an antiderivative of f, and the function f is defined on some interval, then every other antiderivative G of f differs from F by a constant: there exists a number C such that G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C for all x.

If we define the function f ( n ) = A ( n, n ), which increases both m and n at the same time, we have a function of one variable that dwarfs every primitive recursive function, including very fast-growing functions such as the exponential function, the factorial function, multi-and superfactorial functions, and even functions defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation ( except when the indexed up-arrow is used ).

Let ( m, n ) be a pair of amicable numbers with m < n, and write m = gM and n = gN where g is the greatest common divisor of m and n. If M and N are both coprime to g and square free then the pair ( m, n ) is said to be regular, otherwise it is called irregular or exotic.

* If the operation is associative, ( ab ) c = a ( bc ), then the value depends only on the tuple ( a, b, c ).

* If the operation is commutative, ab = ba, then the value depends only on

If X is a Banach space and K is the underlying field ( either the real or the complex numbers ), then K is itself a Banach space ( using the absolute value as norm ) and we can define the continuous dual space as X ′ = B ( X, K ), the space of continuous linear maps into K.

* If G is a locally compact Hausdorff topological group and μ its Haar measure, then the Banach space L < sup > 1 </ sup >( G ) of all μ-integrable functions on G becomes a Banach algebra under the convolution xy ( g ) = ∫ x ( h ) y ( h < sup >− 1 </ sup > g ) dμ ( h ) for x, y in L < sup > 1 </ sup >( G ).

If the sets A and B are equal, this is denoted symbolically as A = B ( as usual ).

If a problem can be shown to be in both NP and co-NP, that is generally accepted as strong evidence that the problem is probably not NP-complete ( since otherwise NP = co-NP ).

If the user pressed keys 1 + 2 = 3 simultaneously the letter " c " appeared.

If the ideals A and B of R are coprime, then AB = A ∩ B ; furthermore, if C is a third ideal such that A contains BC, then A contains C. The Chinese remainder theorem is an important statement about coprime ideals.

If κ is an infinite cardinal number, then cf ( κ ) is the least cardinal such that there is an unbounded function from it to κ ; and cf ( κ ) = the cardinality of the smallest collection of sets of strictly smaller cardinals such that their sum is κ ; more precisely

This is a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers, but it does not converge towards any rational limit: If the sequence did have a limit x, then necessarily x < sup > 2 </ sup > = 2, yet no rational number has this property.

If y = f ( x ) is differentiable at a, then f must also be continuous at a.

If a vector field F with zero divergence is defined on a ball in R < sup > 3 </ sup >, then there exists some vector field G on the ball with F = curl ( G ).

If in the third identity we take H = G, we get that the set of commutators is stable under any endomorphism of G. This is in fact a generalization of the second identity, since we can take f to be the conjugation automorphism.

Linear Diophantine equations take the form ax + by = c. If c is the greatest common divisor of a and b then this is Bézout's identity, and the equation has an infinite number of solutions.

It follows that there are also infinitely many solutions if c is a multiple of the greatest common divisor of a and b. If c is not a multiple of the greatest common divisor of a and b, then the Diophantine equation ax + by = c has no solutions.