Dante Domenico di Michelino's Divine Comedy in Duomo of Florence.

Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.

Boniface also placed the city of Florence under an interdict and invited the ambitious French Count Charles of Valois to enter Italy in 1300 to end the feud of Black and White Guelphs, the poet Dante being in the party of the Whites.

Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Dante when the pope, under the pretense of peacemaking, invited Charles of Valois to intervene in the affairs of Florence.

Statue of Dante Alighieri at the Uffizi, Florence

* November 1 – Charles, Count of Valois, enters Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroy much of the city, kill many of their enemies and install a new government under Cante de ' Gabrielli da Gubbio as podestà, leading to permanent exile of Dante from the city.

* Dante Alighieri is exiled from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father ( see Guelphs and Ghibellines ).

He published Quattro Novelle in 1829 ; Storia d ’ Italia sotto i Barbari in 1830 ; Vita di Dante, 1839 ; Meditazioni Storiche, 1842 — 1845 ; Le Speranze d ’ Italia, 1844 ; Pensieri sulla Storia d ’ Italia, 1858 ; Della Monarchia rappresentativa in Italia ( Florence, 1857 ).

* Dante Before the City of Florence by Domenico di Michelino ( 1465 ).

This painting is especially interesting because it shows us, apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy, a view on Florence in 1465, a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time.

The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs including one for Dante Alighieri, who is buried in Ravenna.

Dante was among the supporters of the White Guelphs, and in 1302 was exiled when the Black Guelphs took control of Florence.

However, when Giovanni Boccaccio ( 1313-1375 ) was commissioned by the city of Florence to write Commento di Dante which he completed c. 1374 ( before the birth of Poggio Bracciolini ), he made clear use of the Annals when he gave an account of Seneca's death directly based on the Tacitus account in Annals book 15.

Among his other literary works may be mentioned: Saggi Critici ( 1868 ); Arte, Storia, e Filosofia ( Florence, 1884 ); Scritti varii ( Bologna, 1894 ); another volume of Saggi Critici ( Bologna, 1896 ); and a volume of Discussioni critiche e discorsi ( Bologna, 1905 ), containing his speeches as president of the Dante Alighieri Society.

This painting of Dante Alighieri, painted by Giotto di Bondone | Giotto, is in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence.

An example is standard Italian, which originated as a literary language derived from the language of 13th-century Florence, especially as used by most important Florentine writers such as Dante and Bocaccio.

His most famous work can be found on the west wall of Florence's " Duomo " ( cathedral ) Santa Maria del Fiore, including La commedia illumina Firenze (" The Comedy Illuminating Florence "), showing Dante Alighieri and the Divina Commedia ( Divine Comedy ).

Along with Dante and the city of Florence, the work depicts Hell, Mount Purgatory, the earthly Paradise ( with Adam and Eve ) and the celestial spheres.

There is a portrait of Latini in the Bargello in Florence, once reputed to be by Giotto, beside the one of Dante.

Dante addresses him with the respectful pronoun voi ; Latini uses the informal tu, as was no doubt their custom when they spoke together in Florence.

According to John D. Sinclair, Dante respected Latini immensely but nonetheless felt it necessary to place him with the sodomites since, according to Sinclair, this sin of Latini's was well known in Florence at the time.

In the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Gabrielli, such as the condottiero Cante de ' Gabrielli da Gubbio ( c. 1260-1335 ), were of the Guelph faction, supportive of the papacy ; as Podestà of Florence, Cante exiled Dante Alighieri, ensuring his own lasting notoriety,

Landor was the son of Charles Savage Landor and his wife Esmerelda Armida Piselli, and spent his childhood in Florence where he was educated at the Liceo Dante and the Instituto Technico.

His work, Dante in Love published in 2011, presents a glittering study of the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri, as an artist and philosopher, also depicting an in-depth portrait of medieval Florence in order to make readers understand the literary and cultural background that engendered the Tuscan's masterpiece, The Divine Comedy.

The vulgar ( ie, spoken ) language of Florence gained prestige in the 14th century after Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca ( Petrarch ) and Giovanni Boccaccio wrote major works in it: the Divina Commedia, the Canzoniere and the Decameron.

Brunacci corresponded by letter with Dante Alighieri during the latter's exile from Florence.

At Romena is also a castle where Dante Alighieri lived for a short time during his exile from Florence.

He condemned Dante Alighieri, the famous poet, for barratry, and exiled him from Florence.

The first female member Florence Rankin joined AA in March 1937, and the first non-Protestant member, a Roman Catholic, joined in 1939.

Other anti-war demonstrations were organized by the antiglobalization movement: see for example the large demonstration, organized against the impending war in Iraq, which closed the first European Social Forum in November, 2002 in Florence, Italy.

The first European Social Forum ( ESF ) was held in November 2002 in Florence.

where he would meet Florence Eleanor Chaplin who would become his first wife.

The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence, Italy.

Deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938 where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420.

It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence, being reputedly the first living giraffe to be seen in Italy since antiquity.

The first printed edition appeared in 1488 ( edited by Demetrios Chalkokondyles and published by Bernardus Nerlius, Nerius Nerlius, and Demetrius Damilas in Florence, Italy ).

The first line connects Milan to Salerno via Bologna, Florence, Rome and Naples, the second runs from Turin to Venice via Milan, and is under construction in parts.

Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence ( 1582 – 1583 ), the official legislative body of the Italian language led to publication of Agnolo Monosini's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

The first account by a western European to mention the ancient language Sanskrit came from Filippo Sassetti ( born in Florence in 1540 ), a merchant who traveled to the Indian subcontinent.

* 1334 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile ( bell tower ) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.

He has three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and now lives with his second wife, Ellen, in Batavia, Illinois.

The ban on the family was lifted in 1428, and that same year Leon visited Florence for the first time.

Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, the first son and third child of attorney, Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli, and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli.

This was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for these " spectacles ", first in Venice and Florence in the thirteenth century, and later in the spectacle making centres in both the Netherlands and Germany.

The Nuova Cronica, a 14th century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani, includes much statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce and trade, education, and religious facilities and has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.

The first successful modern breeding line of Salukis began in 1895, with Florence Amherst ( daughter of the 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney ).

In 1902 Georg Andresen commented on the appearance of the first ' i ' and subsequent gap in the earliest extant, 11th century, copy of the Annals in Florence, suggesting that the text had been altered, and an ' e ' had originally been in the text, rather than this ' i '.

The first printed edition of Terence appeared in Strasbourg in 1470, while the first certain post-antique performance of one of Terence's plays, Andria, took place in Florence in 1476.

* June 4 – The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography ( for Julia Ward Howe ).