Charles Cros, a French poet and amateur scientist, is the first person known to have made the conceptual leaps from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction.

Thomas Alva Edison conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to " play back " recorded telegraph messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by telephone.

I reached the conclusion that if I could record the movements of the diaphragm properly, I could cause such records to reproduce the original movements imparted to the diaphragm by the voice, and thus succeed in recording and reproducing the human voice.

The explanation is that in the early experiments, the turntable, with disc, was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads.

Edison patented the sound recording and reproducing phonograph in 1878.

Both recording and reproducing heads, mounted alternately on the same two posts, could be adjusted vertically so that several recordings could be cut on the same strip.

Phonograph cylinders were the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound.

In addition to being a supplier for AT & T, Western Electric also played a major role in the development and production of professional sound recording and reproducing equipment, including:

* Charles David Smith and Richard James Howe: The Welte-Mignon, its music and musicians ; complete catalogue of Welte-Mignon reproducing piano recordings 1905 – 1932, historical overview of companies and individuals, biographical essays on the recording artists and composers.

He worked from 1918 to develop a system of recording and reproducing synchronized sound on motion picture film.

From 1940 to 1970, the progress of stereophonic sound was paced by the technical difficulties of recording and reproducing two or more channels in synchronization and by the economic and marketing issues of introducing new audio media and equipment.

Whereas the stylus moves horizontally when reproducing a monophonic disk recording, on stereo records, the stylus moves vertically as well as horizontally.

On August 11, 1906 he ( along with Australian Robert R. Haines and Briton John S. Pletts ) applied for a British patent ; their application was granted patent No. 18057 in 1907 for " a process for recording and reproducing simultaneously the movements or motions of persons or objects and the sounds produced by them ," i. e., a strip of 35 mm celluloid film containing both image frames and a sound strip.

special equipment required for registering respiration and for recording the contraction of smooth muscles under various conditions was developed by the Instruments Section ( Victor Jackman, W. C. Barnes, J. F. Reiss ) ; ;

In October 1970 a technician's dispute turned into a work-to-rule when sound staff were denied a pay rise given to camera staff the year before for working with colour recording equipment.

But it may also refer to actual perception of sounds such as voices, tones, or noises which are not apparent to other humans or to recording equipment.

While low-quality at first, consumer digital video increased rapidly in quality, first with the introduction of playback standards such as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 ( adopted for use in television transmission and DVD media ), and then the introduction of the DV tape format allowing recording direct to digital data and simplifying the editing process, allowing non-linear editing systems ( NLE ) to be deployed cheaply and widely on desktop computers with no external playback / recording equipment needed.

The slap style cuts through the sound of a band better than simply plucking the strings, and allowed the bass to be more easily heard on early sound recordings, as the recording equipment of that time did not favor low frequencies.

Popular electronics include: electronic sound modules ; laptop computers used to activate loops, sequences and samples ; metronomes and tempo meters ; recording devices ; and personal sound reinforcement equipment ( e. g., a small PA system to amplify electronic drums and provide a monitor for singing ).

A recording of an early Devo performance from 1975 with the quartet lineup appears on DEVO Live: The Mongoloid Years, ending with the promoters unplugging Devo's equipment.

He avoided high-quality, professional recording machines, preferring to use very basic equipment and bricolage methods, such as sticking matchsticks in the erase heads of a second-hand tape recorder, or manually interfering with the tape path ( Wendt 1985, 16 – 17 ).

This involves the use of audio equipment such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers.

VJs and turntablists use it to cue clips, and to synchronize equipment, and recording systems use it for synchronization and automation.

Although the Allies knew from their monitoring of Nazi radio broadcasts that the Germans had some new form of recording technology, the nature was not discovered until the Allies acquired captured German recording equipment as they invaded Europe in the closing of the war.

Unlike digital recording equipment, however, analog VCRs do not respond to CGMS-A encoded video and will record it successfully if ACP is not also present.

* BOSS is a brand used for products geared toward guitar players and is used for guitar pedals, effects units, rhythm and accompaniment machines, and portable recording equipment.

Devices that process information ( data storage equipment ) may either access a separate portable ( removable ) recording medium or a permanent component to store and retrieve information.

Trip hop production is historically lo-fi, relying on analogue recording equipment and instrumentation, although more traditional instruments such as electric guitars and drum kits are common features.

The group purchased crude recording equipment, instruments and began to make tapes, refusing to let an almost complete lack of musical proficiency stand in the way.

Referring to recording errors created by some faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, " We'll bury ' em in the mix ".

The equipment to be tested under high acceleration or high airspeed conditions was installed along with appropriate instrumentation, data recording and telemetry equipment on the sled.

The term has expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.

In spite of this many records were lost because of spurious pickup at the time of the explosion that paralyzed the recording equipment.

The cantankerous Moog, like many other early synthesizers, was so sensitive to changes in temperature that its oscillators would drift badly in tuning as the equipment warmed up, and this drift can easily be heard on the final recording.

The former involves fitting a preset number of semilandmarks at equal intervals around the outline of a shape, recording the deviation of each step from semilandmark to semilandmark from what the angle of that step would be were the object a simple circle.

The effect of the recording is very open and natural, with the frequency emphasis exactly what you would expect from a live performance.

Moderate use of equalization ( often abbreviated as " EQ ") can be used to " fine-tune " the tone quality of a recording ; extreme use of equalization, such as heavily cutting a certain frequency can create more unusual effects.

# In a facsimile system using frequency modulation, recording in which the lowest received frequency corresponds to the maximum density of the record medium.

In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase ( within a frequency band ) the magnitude of some ( usually higher ) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other ( usually lower ) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system.

Moderate use of equalization ( often abbreviated as " EQ ") can be used to " fine-tune " the tone quality of a recording ; extreme use of equalization, such as heavily cutting a certain frequency can create more unusual effects.

The signal level in an audio signal chain, on an audio recording, or in a radio frequency communication is the measure of the level of the signal emitted or received.

VHS tapes have approximately 3 MHz of video bandwidth and 400 kHz of chroma bandwidth, which is achieved at a relatively low tape speed by the use of helical scan recording of a frequency modulated luminance ( black and white ) signal, with a down-converted " color under " chroma ( color ) signal recorded directly at the baseband.

The frequency modulation of the VHS luminance signal is limited to 3 megahertz which makes higher resolutions technically impossible even with the highest-quality recording heads and tape materials, but an HQ branded deck includes luminance noise reduction, chroma noise reduction, white clip extension, and improved sharpness circuitry.

As David Bordwell describes, technological improvements continued at a swift pace: " Between 1932 and 1935, Electric and RCA created directional microphones, increased the frequency range of film recording, reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range.

By providing a range of tape speeds, users can trade-off recording time against signal quality with higher tape speeds providing greater frequency response.

While Dolby A operates across the whole spectrum, the other systems specifically emphasize the audible frequency range where background tape hiss, an artifact of the recording process that is similar to white noise, is most noticeable ( usually above 1 kHz ).

The calibration of the recording and playback circuitry is therefore critical for faithful reproduction of the original program content, and this is easily offset by poor quality tape, dirty recording / playback heads, or using inappropriate bias levels / frequency for the tape formulation, as well as tape speed, when recording or duplicating.

Low fidelity or lo-fi describes a sound recording which contains technical flaws such as distortion, hum, or background noise, or limited frequency response.

A typical binaural recording unit has two high-fidelity microphones mounted in a dummy head, inset in ear-shaped molds to fully capture all of the audio frequency adjustments ( known as head-related transfer functions ( HRTFs ) in the psychoacoustic research community ) that happen naturally as sound wraps around the human head and is " shaped " by the form of the outer and inner ear.

Anti-aliasing means removing signal components that have a higher frequency than is able to be properly resolved by the recording ( or sampling ) device.

* procedures for the coordination ( ensuring technical compatibility ) and notification ( formal recording and protection in the Master International Frequency Register ) of frequency assignments made to radio stations by national governments ;

ffrr ( full frequency range recording ) was a spin-off devised by Arthur Haddy of British Decca's development during the Second World War of a high fidelity hydrophone capable of detecting and cataloging individual German submarines by each one's signature engine noise, and enabled a greatly enhanced frequency range ( high and low notes ) to be captured on recordings.

The Ernest Ansermet recording of Stravinsky's Petrushka was key in the development of full frequency range records and alerting the listening public to high fidelity in 1946.

HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content.

However, cassette decks are not considered by most people today to be either the most versatile or highest fidelity sound recording devices available, as even very inexpensive CD or digital audio players can reproduce a wide frequency range with no speed variations.