Mongi Slim of Tunisia and Frederick Boland of Ireland were early favorites in the running, but France didn't like the former and the Soviet Union would have none of the latter.

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.

Karpov was born on May 23, 1951 at Zlatoust in the Urals region of the former Soviet Union, and learned to play chess at the age of four.

Armenia is interested in cooperating with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS, a group of 12 former Soviet republics ) and with members of the international community on environmental issues.

In the postcommunist era, Armenia faces the same massive environmental cleanup that confronts the other former Soviet republics as they emerge from the centralized planning system's disastrous approach to resource management.

Newly independent Armenia needed the income from foreign sales of Nairit rubber and chemical products, many of which had been assigned exclusively to that plant under the Soviet system and were still unavailable elsewhere to the former Soviet republics in the early 1990s.

Armenia is the second most densely populated of the former Soviet republics because of its small size.

Like other former States, Armenia's economy suffers from the legacy of a centrally planned economy and the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns.

The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh ( which was part of Soviet Azerbaijan ) and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s.

Armenia emerged from the umbra of the former Soviet Union in 1991 and migrated from a centrally planned economy ( Communist system ) to a market economy ( capitalist system ).

The nation is making substantial progress in privatizing ownership of what used to be state-owned industries under the former Soviet system.

During January – February 2007, Armenia ’ s trade with Russia and other former Soviet republics was $ 205. 6 million ( double the amount from the same period the previous year ), making them the country ’ s number one trading partner.

The Upper Lars border crossing ( at Darial Gorge ) between Georgia and Russia across the Caucasus Mountains served as Armenia's sole overland route to the former Soviet Union and Europe.

Armenia doesn't seem to be interested in cooperating with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( a group of 12 former Soviet republics ) or with members of the international community on environmental issues.

It is very likely that these incidents have some connection with the former Soviet Ground Forces ' phenomenon of dedovshchina ( institutionalised bullying ).

These studies were performed mainly in the former Soviet Union, at the Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Republic of Georgia.

* 1992 – Russia and 12 other former Soviet republics become members of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Continuing his work as a teacher and spiritual mentor, Steinsaltz established a network of schools and educational institutions in Israel and the former Soviet Union.

Deeply involved in the future of the Jews in the former Soviet Union, Steinsaltz serves as the region's Duchovny Ravin ( Spiritual Rabbi ), a historic Russian title which indicates that he is the spiritual mentor of Russian Jewry.

During his time in the former Soviet Union he founded the Jewish University, both in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works, ( named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss and president of the Pennsylvania Railroad ), Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill ( Wilson, Walker & County ), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines.

* 1961 – The former Portuguese territories in India of Dadra and Nagar Haveli are merged to create the Union Territory Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

The Jewish University is the first degree-granting institution of Jewish studies in the former Soviet Union.

The Internal Troops were formed from the former Soviet Internal Troops after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, as well as in France.

Speakers of modern Baltic languages are generally concentrated within the borders of Lithuania and Latvia, and in emigrant communities in the United States, Canada, Australia and states of the former Soviet Union.

Beyond the Night closely follows an actual 20th-century missionary saga in Central Africa, and The Printing uses composite characters to portray the persecution of believers in the former Soviet Union.

Convinced that they had a " civilizing mission ", they envisioned Indochina's participation in a French Union of former colonies that shared the common experience of French culture.

In June 1989 the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) was founded by Croatian nationalist dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman a former fighter in Tito's Partisan movement and JNA General.

In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Government faced the challenge of managing relations with Britain's former war-time ally, Stalin and the Soviet Union.

In Russia, Ukraine and some other countries of the former Soviet Union, electrical multiple unit passenger suburban trains called Elektrichka are widespread.

The organization is active in integrating olim from South America and the former Soviet Union into Israeli society -- native Israelis and olim from non-English speaking countries now make up about 60 % of the Israeli Masorti population, the remaining 40 % are North American olim.

In modern contexts, all definitions of Central Asia include these five republics of the former Soviet Union: Kazakhstan ( pop.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

On March 21, 1845 the bark Bashaw weighed anchor at New Orleans, while on the levee Henry and William Palfrey waved farewell to their father's former chattels who must have looked back at the receding shore with mingled regret and jubilation.

An eyewitness recalled how awkward the red-turbaned colored women appeared as they curtseyed in the church doorway, and the diffidence the former slaves displayed while they listened to the few words that declared them free.

The former secretary of labor said he was proud to be an Eisenhower Republican `` and proud to have absorbed his philosophy '' while working in his adminstration.

The former is basically a giant multinucleate amoeba, while the latter lives solitary until food runs out ; in which a colony of these functions as a unit.

His father Isamu, a member of a former samurai family from the Akita Prefecture, worked as the director of the Army's Physical Education Institute's lower secondary school, while his mother Shima came from a merchant's family living in Osaka.

William of Malmesbury says that Ealdred, by " amusing the simplicity of King Edward and alleging the custom of his predecessors, had acquired, more by bribery than by reason, the archbishopric of York while still holding his former see.

Andrew opposed his son's policy and he entrusted Béla with the government of Transylvania while his younger son, Coloman became the governor of Béla's former provinces.

The former, he tells the reader, are proved by demonstration, while the latter are given through experience.

Euboea and Megara both revolted, and while the former was restored to its status as a tributary ally, the latter was a permanent loss.

However, the Church declared that "' Extreme unction ' ... may also and more fittingly be called ' anointing of the sick '" ( emphasis added ), and has itself adopted the latter term, while not outlawing the former.

Typically, the former mostly provide close support to manoeuvre units while the latter may provide close support and or depth fire, notably counter-battery.

Aelia came from Hadrian's nomen gentile, Aelius, while Capitolina meant that the new city was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, to whom a temple was built on the site of the former Jewish temple, the Temple Mount.

" It consisted of two segments that parodied A Christmas Carol directed by Tony Kluck and It's a Wonderful Life directed by former DreamWorks Animation director Mike deSeve, as well as Christmas-themed music videos ( taken from the first Christmas special ) and several segments in which Butt-Head answered fan mail dressed as Santa Claus while whipping a reindeer-costumed Beavis.

The former settled in the eastern coastal regions, while the latter settled primarily in the area known today as the Highveld — the large, relatively high central plateau of South Africa.

As an example, the former camp considers surjectivity — or being onto — as a property of functions, while the latter sees it as a relationship that functions may bear to sets.

The former found himself isolated in a hostile country with only 22, 000 men and short of provisions, while on the other side of the

After Pompey's defeat former allies began to align themselves with Caesar as some came to believe the gods favored him, while for others it was simple self-preservation.

( In a display of authorial equity, the former is usually called the Kernighan – Lin algorithm, while the latter is styled Lin – Kernighan.

God's commission to Joshua in chapter 1 is framed as a royal installation, the people's pledge of loyalty to Joshua as successor Moses recalls royal practices, the covenant-renewal ceremony led by Joshua was the prerogative of the kings of Judah, and God's command to Joshua to meditate on the " book of the law " day and night parallels the description of Josiah in 2 Kings 23: 25 as a king uniquely concerned with the study of the law — not to mention their identical territorial goals ( Josiah died in 609 BCE while attempting to annex the former Israel to his own kingdom of Judah ).

The former was equated to the law of van't Hoff while the latter was given by Stokes's law.

The presenters often have expertise in the story they are sent to cover, for example, former Paris correspondent Jon Sopel presented coverage of the 2007 French presidential elections, while channel presenters and former reporters Ben Brown and Clive Myrie were dispatched to Cairo and Tripoli during the Middle East uprisings.

In smaller boroughs, a town council was formed for the area of the abolished borough, while charter trustees were formed in other former boroughs.

The key difference between the von Neumann and Harvard architectures is that the latter separates the storage and treatment of CPU instructions and data, while the former uses the same memory space for both.