* Apparent breakdown of the widespread trade of the Indus civilization, with materials such as marine shells no longer used.

According to Parpola, ceramic similarities between the Indus Civilization, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Iran during 4300 – 3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period ( Copper Age ) suggest considerable mobility and trade.

Sitting on many trade and migration routes, Afghanistan may be called the ' Central Asian roundabout ' since routes converge from the Middle East, from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush, from the Far East via the Tarim Basin, and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe.

Early inhabitants, around 3000 BC were likely to have been connected through culture and trade to neighboring civilizations like Jiroft and Tappeh Sialk and more distantly to the Indus Valley Civilization.

Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia.

The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley ( c. 2500 BC ) was conducted along the Indian Ocean.

Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley.

Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now modern-day Pakistan.

In the Indus Valley Civilization, rectangular seals were used to label trade goods and also had other purposes.

Bahrain has been proposed as the possible site of Dilmun, a land mentioned by Mesopotamians as a trade partner, source of raw material, copper, and entrepot of the Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization trade route.

Kenoyer suggested that the Indus River changed course, which would have hampered the local agricultural economy and the city's importance as a center of trade.

There is both literary and archaeological evidence of trade between Ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization ( probably correctly identified with the land called Meluhha in Akkadian ).

The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were in fact identical to those used by the Indus, and were not those used in Southern Mesopotamia.

The discovery of gold on the banks of the Amu Darya during the reign of Russia's Peter the Great, together with the desire of the Russian Empire to open a trade route to the Indus ( modern day Pakistan ), prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, which was repelled by Khiva.

Leh was an important stopover on trade routes along the Indus Valley between Tibet to the east, Kashmir to the west and also between India and China for centuries.

Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions.

Birds in Pakistan along the Indus river system are endangered and chicks at their nests are taken away for the bird trade.

Many items of trade such as wood, minerals, and gemstones were indeed extracted from the hilly regions near the Indus settlements.

There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.

Sumeria had ' forgotten ' the Indus Valley after the sack of Ur by the Elamites and subsequent invasions in Sumeria and its trade and contacts shifted west and Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory.

With the disappearance of trade from the Indus region, the copper from Magan was later replaced by copper imports from ancient Cyprus.

The Pauravas were all situated on or near the Indus river where their monarchs grew rich and prosperous through trade.

Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south including ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the Indus Valley Civilization.

There are also numerous buses passing through the city via the Indus Highway.

A part of the Alreja clan, over the course of time, migrated from Aror and travelled northwards along the course of the Indus river, passing through northern Sindh and southwestern Punjab.

He chose a narrow pass in the way of nomadic tribes going to Dera Ismail Khan and the rest of Indus plain passing through his area and laid there.

The dry bed of the Hakra River runs through the area, along which many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found.

The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometres west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh.

Still plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan.

River Indus running through Kohistan valley in Pakistan

* Chaturanga, Indian war game, and a ancestor of chess through the Persian game of Shatranj ( or Chatrang ), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent ( approximate date ).

The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.

His advance through Swat and Gandhara is marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, a few miles west of the Indus.

The pair later journeyed to Baltistan ( Where the Indus is Young ), Peru ( Eight Feet in the Andes ), and Madagascar ( Muddling through in Madagascar ).

He entered the subcontinent through the district of the Pentapotamia, providing a full account of the rivers there ( thought to be the five affluents of the Indus that form the Punjab region ), and proceeded from there by the royal road to Pataliputra.

His proposal in 1829 to undertake a journey of exploration through the valley of the Indus River was not carried out for political reasons ; but in 1831 he was sent to Lahore with a present of horses from King William IV to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

The terms Hindi and Hindu are derived from word Sindh, as the ancient Persians pronunciate " s " as " h " ( e. g. sarasvati as harasvati ), the same way they called the people of this region as Hindhi people their language as Hindhi language and the region as Hindh, the name which is used for this region since ancient times and later for whole northern part of Indian sub-continent even today India is also known as Hindustan the name which has nothing to do with hinduism, but related more to a people and their language named after the main river flowing through this region sindhu ( Indus ).

The most direct route was the one the modern highway follows from the Punjab via Mandi, the Kulu valley, over the Rohtang Pass, through Lahaul and on to the Indus Valley, and then down river to Leh.

It flows in an easterly direction, past Kabul, and through Jalalabad city, and then on to Dakka where it enters Pakistani territory and finally runs into the Indus at Attock.

The Gomal River, which has a varied flow depending on season, runs from its origin in the mountains of the Sar Hawza District and flows south, before turning southeast to the Pakistani border, forming the broad river valley that defines the topography of the Gomal District, before flowing east through Pakistan and eventually running to the powerful Indus River.

the Astakenoi, the Aspasioi and the Assakenoi, located in the northwest west of river Indus, whom Alexander had encountered during his campaign from Kapisi through Gandhara

The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China ( Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian ).

The Khattaks are settled along the western bank of the Indus River from as north upwards as Lund Khwar, Sher Garh and near Malakand, to south through Karak District.

It is found in the plains in open land with bare ground, grass and scrub across South Asia from the Indus valley of Pakistan in the west to Bangladesh and extending through peninsular India and extending into Sri Lanka.

This civilization of planned cities came to an end around 1700 BC either through external invasion and perhaps due to drying of rivers flowing from the Himalayas to the Arabian sea and geological / climatic changes in the Indus valley civilization area which resulted in the formation of the Thar desert.

Although it has not been conclusively established, some linguists have hypothesized that Dardic may, in ancient times, have enjoyed a much bigger linguistic zone, stretching from the " mouth of the Indus " ( i. e. Sindh ) northwards in an arc, and then eastwards through modern day Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon.