* " Institutiones physiologicae " ( Padua, 1773, 1778 ; Leyden, 1784 ; Venice, 1786 ; Naples, 1787 )

* " Institutiones semeioticae " ( Padua, 1808 )

The first Christian encyclopedia were the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of Cassiodorus ( 543-560 ), which were divided in two parts: the first one dealt with Christian Divinity ; the second one described the seven liberal arts.

The work as planned had three parts: the Code ( Codex ) is a compilation, by selection and extraction, of imperial enactments to date ; the Digest or Pandects ( the Latin title contains both Digesta and Pandectae ) is an encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the writings of Roman jurists ; and the Institutes ( Institutiones ) is a student textbook, mainly introducing the Code although it has important conceptual elements that are less developed in the Code or the Digest.

Buches der Institutiones Grammaticae, Frankfurt am Main: Valentia, 2008, ISBN 978-3-936132-18-2 ( German translation of book XIV ; first translation into a modern language.

The author of a continuation of Dionysius's Computus, writing in 616, described Dionysius as a " most learned abbot of the city of Rome ", and the Venerable Bede accorded him the honorific abbas, which could be applied to any monk, especially a senior and respected monk, and does not necessarily imply that Dionysius ever headed a monastery ; indeed, Dionysius's friend Cassiodorus stated in Institutiones that he was still only a monk late in life.

His principal works were Institutiones ad Fundumenta Linguæ Hebraicæ ( 1737 ), Origines Hebraeae ( 2 vols., 1724, 1738 ), a second edition of which, with the De defectibus linguae Hebraeae ( 1731 ), appeared in 1761 ; Job ( 1737 ); Proverbs ( 1748 ); Vetus et regia via hebraezandi ( 1738 ); and Monumenta vetustiora Arabum ( 1740 ).

His other works include Institutiones symbolicae ( 1812 ; 3rd ed., 1830 ), Geschichte der deutschen Reformation ( 1816 ; 2nd ed., 18311834 ); Die Reformation, ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung in Deutschland ( 1846 ; 2nd ed., 1858 ), and the posthumous Theol.

The order of subjects in the second book of the Institutiones reflected what would become the Trivium and Quadrivium of medieval liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic ; arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.

What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae ; his Dialectique ( 1555 ), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language.

To the second Jena period belong among others the Institutiones theologiæ moralis ( 1711 ; German transl., 1719 ), a work strictly in accordance with his philosophical ethics ; the Historia ecclesiastica veteris testamenti ( 1715 – 18 ); Theses theologicæ de atheismo et superstitione ( 1716 ), which, directed especially against Spinoza, attracted much attention ; Institutiones theologiæ dogmaticæ, ( 1723 ), a work once very influential, obviously founded on Baier's Compendium ; Historische und theologische Einleitung in die vornehmsten Religionsstreitigkeiten ( 1724, 1728 ), edited by Walch ; Isagoge historico-theologica ad theologiam universam ( 1727 ), dealing with the problems methods, and history of theology in a way remarkable for that time ; and Ecclesia apostolica ( 1729 ), intended as an introduction to the study of the New Testament.

( Augsburg, 1741-1755 ); Ehrentempel der deutschen Gelehrsamkeit ( Augsburg, 1747-1749 ); Institutiones Historiae Philosophicae ( Leipzig, 1747 and 1756 ; 3rd ed.

His chief canonical works are: Institutionum juris naturalis et ecclesiastici publici libri V ( Augsburg, 1784 ; Ghent, 1823 ; Rome, 1832 ); De usu publici commentariolus ( Augsburg, 1784 ; Ghent, 1823 ); Historische Bemerkungen uber das sogenannte Resultat des Emser Congressus ( Frankfort and Leipzig, 1787 ); Institutiones juris ecclesiastici, maxime privati, ordine Decretalium ( 5 vols., Augsburg, 1792-3 ; 3 vols., Rome, 1832 ).

His reputation was much extended by the publication of his Institutiones Physiologicae ( 1787 ), a condensed, well-arranged view of the animal functions, expounded without discussion of minute anatomical details.

Famous casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose Summula casuum conscientiae ( 1627 ) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci ( Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's ), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann ( Theologia Moralis, 1625 ), John Azor ( Institutiones Morales, 1600 ), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, Hermann Busembaum ( d. 1668 ), etc.

) It was followed by the Digesta ( or Pandectae ), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the Institutiones, a textbook explaining the principles of law.

The law was then implemented with new evolutive Institutiones ( legal concepts ), while remaining in the traditional scheme.

Vitruvius ( in the De Architectura ), Quintilian ( in his Institutiones Oratoriae ) and Statius ( in the Silvae ) also show great admiration for the De Rerum Natura.

His chief works were Über die von der neuesten Philosophie geforderte Trennung der Moral von der Religion ( 1804 ); Einleitung in das Evangelium Johannis ( 1806 ); and Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae ( 1815 ), to which W Steiger's Kritik des Rationalismus in Wegscheiders Dogmatik ( 1830 ) was a reply.

He expressed his pedagogical principles in two main Latin works, Institutiones iurisprudentiae divinae ( Institutes of Divine Jurisprudence, 1688 ), based on a lecture on Pufendorf ’ s natural law, and Fundamenta juris naturae et gentium ( Foundations of the Law of Nature and Nations, 1705 ).

Other editions are by Hugo ( Berlin, 1834 ), Booking ( Bonn, 1836 ), containing fragments of the first book of the Institutiones discovered by Endlicher at Vienna in 1835, and in Girard's Textes de droit romain ( Paris, 1890 ).

Others included Die Narrenbeschwörung ( 1512 ); Die Schelmenzunft ( 1512 ); Die Gäuchmatt, which treats of enamoured fools ( 1519 ), and a translation of Virgil's Aeneid ( 1515 ) dedicated to the emperor Maximilian I. Murner also wrote the humorous Chartiludium logicae ( 1507 ) and the Ludus studentum Friburgensium ( 1511 ), besides a translation of Justinian's Institutiones ( 1519 ).

His chief writings in this vein are the Institutiones Grammaticae Anglo-Saxonicae et Moeso-Gothicae ( 1689 ), and the celebrated Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archæologicus ( 1703-1705 ).

The Institutiones seem to have been composed over a lengthy period of time, from the 530s into the 550s, with redactions up to the time of Cassiodorus ’ death.

Justinian first defines an Obligation in his Institutiones, Book 3, section 13 as " a legal bond, with which we are bound by necessity of performing some act according to the laws of our state.

The story is alluded to in Varro's lost books quoted in Lactantius Institutiones Divinae ( I: 6 ) and by Origen.

It has been supposed that the writer is Julius Honores ( even later called Psudeo-Aethicus ) mentioned by Cassiodorus in " Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum ( 25 )" as Julius Honorius Crator.

Returning to Germany, he held educational posts at Neuhaus near Worms and at Lich near Gießen, where he edited a useful edition of the Institutiones in graecam linguam ( 1580 ) of Nicolaus Clenardus ( Cleynaerts ).

His Tabulae in grammaticen hebraeam ( 1529 ), Institutiones in linguam graecam ( 1530 ), and Meditationes graecanicae ( 1531 ) appeared at Leuven.

He followed this in 1539 with an updated version of Galen's anatomical handbook, Institutiones Anatomicae.

The first section of the Institutiones deals with Christian texts, and was intended to be used in combination with the Expositio Psalmorum.

Instead, Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholini credits Franciscus Sylvius with the discovery, and Bartholin's son Thomas named it the Sylvian fissure in the 1641 edition of the textbook Institutiones anatomicae.

Abano Terme ( known as Abano Bagni until 1930 ) is a town and comune in the province of Padua, in the Veneto region, Italy, on the eastern slope of the Colli Euganei ; it is 10 kilometers southwest by rail from Padua.

* the body, in the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua ;

The recipients of these letters included Philippe de Cabassoles, bishop of Cavaillon ; Ildebrandino Conti, bishop of Padua ; Cola di Rienzo, tribune of Rome ; Francesco Nelli, priest of the Prior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Florence ; and Niccolò di Capoccia, a cardinal and priest of Saint Vitalis.

Previously he had filled various important posts in the Curia and had been bishop of Padua since 1743 ; during his tenure as bishop of Padua he visited all the parishes in the diocese, the first bishop to do that for 50 years.

He restored all its faculties, gave larger salaries to the professors, and summoned distinguished teachers from afar ; and, although it never attained to the importance of Padua or Bologna, it nevertheless possessed in 1514 a faculty ( with a good reputation ) of eighty-eight professors.

* The Scaligeri family loses control of Padua ; Alberto della Scala, music patron of the Italian Trecento, moves to Verona.

In Europe, the demand grew for surgeons to formally study for many years before practicing ; universities such as Montpellier, Padua and Bologna were particularly renowned.

Padua then enjoyed a period of calm and prosperity: the basilica of the saint was begun ; and the Paduans became masters of Vicenza.

In 1797 the Venetian Republic was wiped off the map by the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Padua was ceded to the Austrian Empire ; then in 1806 the city passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy.

Under Austrian rule, Padua began its industrial development ; one of the first Italian rail tracks, Padua-Venice, was built in 1845.

Padua is also the birthplace of the famous architect Andrea Palladio, whose 16th century " ville " ( country-houses ) in the area of Padua, Venice, Vicenza and Treviso are among the most beautiful of Italy and they were often copied during the 18th and 19th centuries ; and of Giovanni Battista Belzoni, adventure-man, engineer and egyptologist.

Later accounts of other destructions of medieval Italian cities are now rejected as unhistorical: Padua by Attila ( 452 )-- perhaps in a parallel between Attila and the ancient Assyrians ; Milan by Frederick Barbarossa ( 1162 ); and Semifonte by the Florentines ( 1202 ).

He also sets about disagreeing with everything she says, and forcing her to agree with everything he says, no matter how absurd ; on their way back to Padua to attend Bianca's wedding, she agrees with Petruchio that the sun is the moon, and proclaims that " if you please to call it a rush-candle ,/ Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me " ( 4. 5. 14 – 15 ).

Her third son, Reginald Pole, studied abroad in Padua ; he was dean in Exeter and in Dorset, and canon in York, as well as several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest.

He carried his enquiries so far into the occult sciences of abstruse and hidden nature, that, after having given most ample proofs, by his writings concerning physiognomy, geomancy, and chiromancy, he moved on to the study of philosophy, physics, and astrology ; which studies proved so advantageous to him, that, not to speak of the two first, which introduced him to all the popes of his time, and acquired him a reputation among learned men, it is certain that he was a great master in the latter, which appears not only by the astronomical figures he had painted in the great hall of the palace at Padua, and the translations he made of the books of the most learned rabbi Abraham Aben Ezra, added to those he himself composed on critical days, and the improvement of astronomy, but by the testimony of the renowned mathematician Regiomontanus, who made a fine panegyric on him, in quality of an astrologer, in the oration he delivered publicly at Padua when he explained there the book of Alfraganus.

Jacopo Ortis had been a real person ; he was a young student of Padua, and committed suicide there under circumstances akin to those described by Foscolo.

Three years later the Vicentines entrusted the protection of the city to Padua, so as to safeguard republican liberty ; but this protectorate ( custodia ) quickly became dominion, and for that reason Vicenza in 1311 submitted to the Scaligeri lords of Verona, who fortified it against the Visconti of Milan.

Episodes of military history in the various compartments glorify the exploits of the Venetians, with particular emphasis on the conquest of the maritime empire ; the only exception being the last oval, recording the taking of Padua in 1405.