Among these actions were the Seven Years ' War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire ), and the Crimean War ( to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid ).

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

This document, termed " Hope for a Lost Generation ", promises to bring 30, 000 young Irish people off the Live Register in a year by combining a National Internship Program, a Second Chance Education Scheme, an Apprenticeship Guarantee and Community Work Program, as well as instituting a German style, Workshare program.

Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent — his family was Dutch.

The Second Irish Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893.

He also passed the Second Land Act ( the First, in 1870, had entitled Irish tenants, if evicted, to compensation for improvements which they had made on their property, but had had little effect ) which gave Irish tenants the " 3Fs " – fair rent, fixity of tenure and free sale.

* Irish poet William Butler Yeats compared Helen to his lover, Maude Gonne, in his poem " No Second Troy ".

John Cage's Roaratorio: an Irish circus on Finnegans Wake combines a collage of sounds mentioned in Finnegans Wake, with Irish jigs and Cage reading his Writing for the Second Time through Finnegans Wake, one of a series of five writings based on the Wake.

In Irish mythology, Tethra of the Fomorians ruled Mag Mell after dying in the Second Battle of Mag Tuiredh.

Obliged to compromise with the Irish Nationalists, Gladstone introduced the Second Home Rule Bill in February 1893.

Fall River remains a predominantly Roman Catholic city and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fall River, located at St. Mary's Cathedral on Second Street, formed in the 1850s by Irish immigrants.

The pontificate of Pope John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council also had a profound effect on the changing attititudes of Irish Catholics.

All 128 MPs elected to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland in 1921 were returned unopposed, and 124 of them, representing Sinn Féin, declared themselves TDs ( Irish for Dáil Deputies ) and assembled as the Second Dáil of the Irish Republic.

* Irish Government Bill 1893 ( Second Irish Home Rule Bill )

During the Second Dáil the Irish Republic and the British Government of David Lloyd George agreed to hold peace negotiations.

Within Irish republicanism there is a current of thought which argues that the Second Dáil continued to exist after the establishment of the Irish Free State.

Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 95 – 106.

* 1926 – Ian Paisley, Northern Irish politician

* 1980 – Brian McFadden, Irish singer-songwriter ( Westlife )

* 1642 – Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of the British Army.

* 1909 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor ( d. 1992 )

* 1971 – John Boyne, Irish novelist

* 1981 – John O ' Shea, Irish footballer

* 1798 – French troops land in Kilcummin harbour, County Mayo, Ireland to aid Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen's Irish Rebellion.

* 1798 – Wolfe Tone's United Irish and French forces clash with the British Army in the Battle of Castlebar, part of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in the creation of the French puppet Republic of Connaught.

* 1979 – A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb kills British World War II admiral Louis Mountbatten and three others while they are boating on holiday in Sligo, Republic of Ireland.

* 1970 – Jeff Kenna, Irish footballer

* 1775 – Daniel O ' Connell, Irish politician ( d. 1847 )

* 1949 – Alan Campbell, Irish pastor

* 1918 – Giles Cooper Irish playwright ( d. 1966 )

* 1958 – David Feherty, Irish golfer

* 1958 – Feargal Sharkey, Irish singer ( The Undertones )

* 1959 – Michael Bradley, Irish bass player and radio host ( The Undertones )

* 1977 – Damian O ' Hare, Irish actor

* 1932 – Peter O ' Toole, Irish actor

* 1954 – Sammy McIlroy, Irish footballer and manager

* 1971 – Michael Hughes, Irish footballer

* 1922 – Six Irish Catholic civilians are shot and beaten-to-death by a gang of policemen in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

* 1966 – Flann O ' Brien, Irish humorist ( b. 1911 )

Movements For Reform 1870-1914, 2008, ISBN 1-84536-223-3Text for Leaving Certificate History exams, covering Later Modern Irish History, " Topic 2 for Ordinary and Higher Level.

The equivalent British term is the GCE " Advanced Level " or " Advanced Highers Scottish ", the Irish is " Leaving Certificate ", the German is " Abitur ", or simply " Abi ", the French is " le baccalauréat ", or simply " le bac ", the Australian is " Higher School Certificate ( HSC )", previously known as " Matriculation ", the Romanian is " bacalaureat ".

* Higher Level ( Irish: Ardleibhéal ; sometimes called " Honours ") – available in all subjects except CSPE.

* Ordinary Level ( Irish: Gnáthleibhéal ; sometimes called " Pass ") – an easier course than Higher Level ; available in all subjects except CSPE.

* Foundation Level ( Irish: Bonnleibhéal ) – an easier course than Ordinary Level ; available only in English, Irish and Mathematics ).

* Common Level ( Irish: Leibhéal Comónta ) – available only in CSPE.

The equivalent British award is a Certificate of Higher Education ( Cert. HE ) Both the Irish Higher Certificate and the British Certificate of Higher Education are Level 6 awards on the Irish National Framework of Qualifications.

The Irish Higher Education and Training Awards Council ( HETAC ) assigned ACCA Qualification to Level 9 of the Irish National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) in 2008.

Level 9 holds Irish postgraduate qualifications, such as postgraduate diplomas and masters degrees.

Her poetry is taught on both the Irish Junior Certificate English course and on the British O Level English curriculum.

The play, like Friel's Dancing at Lughnasa, is on the syllabus for English Higher Level and Ordinary Level for the Irish Leaving Certificate examinations, as well as the English A1 course of the International Baccalaureate.