The book embraced America's natural bounty, specifically that of California, while containing recipes that reflected Bertoli and Waters ' appreciation of both northern Italian and French style foods.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

The next clash came at Amba Alagi on 7 December 1895, when Ethiopian soldiers overran the Italian positions dug in on that natural fortress, and forced the Italians to retreat back to Eritrea.

Even in the case of Northern Italian language, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages.

* In the Netherlands, the market is dominated by Lay's ; they offer many flavors, such as: natural ( salted ), paprika, bolognese ( Italian herbs and tomato ), barbecued ham, cheese & onion, Mexican herbs, Heinz tomato ketchup, chili, spareribs, Mediterranean herbs, Thai sweet chili, Oriental spices, pepper & cream, chicken & thyme, and spices & lime.

In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind – Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.

It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization — historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science — but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.

He transformed the direction of Italian painting, moving it away from the idealizations of Gothic art, and, for the first time, presenting it as part of a more profound, natural, and humanist world.

* October 2 – Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist ( b. 1509 )

Schiaparelli called them canali ( a generic Italian term used for both natural and artificial " grooves " or " channels "), which was popularly mistranslated into English as " canals ", man-made water channels.

** Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist ( d. 1588 )

Lombardy counts many protected areas: the most important are the Stelvio National Park ( the largest Italian natural park ), with typically alpine wildlife: red deer, roe-deer, ibex, chamois, foxes, ermine and also golden eagles ; and the Ticino Valley Natural Park, instituted in 1974 on the Lombard side of the Ticino River to protect and conserve one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in Northern Italy.

Current terminology for ultramarine include natural ultramarine ( English ), outremer lapis ( French ), Ultramarin echt ( German ), oltremare genuino ( Italian ), and ultramarino verdadero ( Spanish ).

In the early 20th century, in the field of international relations, the Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci developed the theory of cultural domination ( an analysis of economic class ) to include social class ; hence, the philosophic and sociologic theory of cultural hegemony analysed the social norms that established the social structures ( social and economic classes ) with which the ruling class establish and exert cultural dominance to impose their Weltanschauung ( world view ) — justifying the social, political, and economic status quo — as natural, inevitable, and beneficial to every social class, rather than as artificial social constructs beneficial solely to the ruling class.

The natural harbor at Taranto made it a logical home port for the Italian naval fleet before and during the First World War.

The Promenade ( lungomare ), named after former Italian king Victor Emmanuel III, overlooks the Mar Grande, with the imposing views of its natural harbour and commercial port.

* LTO Sotočje, local tourist board-tourist info about the area: lodgings, natural features ... ( Slovene, English, German, Italian )

Mattei ’ s strategy was to use natural gas to support the development of a national industry in Northern Italy, sustaining the postwar boom known as the " Italian economic miracle.

Her design was inspired by her European ventures, especially from the Italian Renaissance gardens, and consisted of a establishing a sophisticated relationship between the architectural and natural environments, with formal terraced gardens stepping a down steep slope and transitioning to a more naturalistic aesthetic approaching the creek.

At Göttingen he studied Plato with Arnold Heeren ; history with Heeren and Gottlieb Jakob Planck ; Arabic, Hebrew, New Testament Greek and scripture interpretation with Albert Eichhorn ; natural science with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ; German literature with Georg Friedrich Benecke ; French and Italian literature with Artaud and Bunsen ; and classics with Georg Ludolf Dissen.

In May 2007 a German court convicted two former executives of paying about € 6 million in bribes from 1999 to 2002 to help Siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts with Enel, an Italian energy company.

He declined many offers from other Italian universities and from St Petersburg until 1768, when he accepted the invitation of Maria Theresa to the chair of natural history in the University of Pavia, which was then being reorganized.

* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( 1463 – 1494 ) Italian philosopher who was a major figure in the Renaissance ; at the age of 23 he proposed 900 theses on religion, natural philosophy and magic, writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which was a central text in Renaissance humanism and has been called the movement's manifesto

In the western Italian Alps, the Alpine Chough nests in a greater variety of sites than Red-billed Chough, using natural cliffs, pot-holes and abandoned buildings, whereas the Red-billed uses only natural cliffs ( although it nests in old buildings elsewhere ).

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* 1712 – Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher ( d. 1764 )

* 1550 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( d. 1631 )

* 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist ( d. 1729 )

In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun ( heliocentrism ), put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.

Count Francesco Algarotti ( 11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764 ) was an Italian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

* 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1657 )

Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in The Origins and Doctrine of Fascism promoted the concept of conflict as an act of progress, stating that " mankind only progresses through division, and progress is achieved through the clash and victory of one side over another ".

* 1619 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher ( b. 1585 )

* 1404 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter and philosopher ( d. 1472 )

Giordano Bruno (; 1548 – February 17, 1600 ), ( Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ) born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

Elements of historicism appear in the writings of Italian philosopher G. B. Vico and French essayist Michel de Montaigne, and became fully developed with the dialectic of G. W. F. Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

* 1891 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian philosopher, and political theorist ( d. 1937 )

Leon Battista Alberti ( February 18, 1404 – April 20, 1472 ) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath.

* 1875 – Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher ( d. 1944 )

Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799 ) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Italian anti-fascist philosopher Benedetto Croce ( 1925 ) concludes Machiavelli is simply a " realist " or " pragmatist " who accurately states that moral values in reality do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.

* 1494 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher ( b. 1463 )

* 1433 – Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher ( d. 1499 )

* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( 1463 – 1494 ), Italian philosopher