The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

The period is sometimes referred to as the era of Viennese Classic or Classicism (), since Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Antonio Salieri, and Ludwig van Beethoven all worked at some time in Vienna, and Franz Schubert was born there.

The Christian groups first called " gnostic " a branch of Christianity, however Joseph Jacobs and Ludwig Blau ( Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911 ) note that much of the terminology employed is Jewish and note that this " proves at least that the principal elements of gnosticism were derived from Jewish speculation, while it does not preclude the possibility of new wine having been poured into old bottles.

Aside from Hoffmann and de la Motte Fouqué, three other important authors from the era were Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff ( The Marble Statue, 1819 ), Ludwig Achim von Arnim ( Die Majoratsherren, 1819 ) and Adelbert von Chamisso ( Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte, 1814 ).

Among the persecuted were the poet Ernst Moritz Arndt, the publisher Johann Joseph Görres and the " Father of Gymnastics " Ludwig Jahn.

He was a master of counterpoint, the complex and highly disciplined art for which Johann Sebastian Bach is famous, and of development, a compositional ethos pioneered by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.

They sent pianos to both Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a fifth during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 ( Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works ), and seven octaves by 1820.

Other important composers of string quartets include Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.

* Jacobs, Joseph, and Ludwig Blau.

Bruckner is greeted by ( from left to right ): Franz Liszt | Liszt, Richard Wagner | Wagner, Franz Schubert | Schubert, Robert Schumann | Schumann, Carl Maria von Weber | Weber, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven | Beethoven, Christoph Willibald Gluck | Gluck, Joseph Haydn | Haydn, George Frideric Handel | Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach | Bach.

Many symphonies are tonal works in four movements with the first in sonata form, which is often described by music theorists as the structure of a " classical " symphony, although many symphonies by the acknowledged classical masters of the form, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven do not conform to this model.

# Joseph Maria Ludwig Johann Nepomuck Aloys Gonzaga Franz Xavier Januar Anton de Padua Polycarp ( 26 January 1754-25 March 1763 ) died in infancy.

Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian ( born 1832, the future Emperor Maximilian of Mexico ); Archduke Karl Ludwig ( born 1833, and the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria ), and Archduke Ludwig Viktor ( born 1842 ), and a sister, Maria Anna ( born 1835 ), who died at the age of four.

The founders of this école who studied and later instructed at the University of Vienna included Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, Joseph Schumpeter, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

Other famous scholars who have taught at the University of Vienna are: Theodor W. Adorno, Manfred Bietak, Theodor Billroth, Ludwig Boltzmann, Franz Brentano, Anton Bruckner, Rudolf Carnap, Conrad Celtes, Viktor Frankl, Sigmund Freud, Eduard Hanslick, Edmund Hauler, Hans Kelsen, Adam František Kollár, Johann Josef Loschmidt, Fran Miklošič, Oskar Morgenstern, Otto Neurath, Johann Palisa, Pope Pius II, Baron Carl von Rokitansky, August Schleicher, Moritz Schlick, Ludwig Karl Schmarda, Joseph von Sonnenfels, Josef Stefan, Leopold Vietoris, Jalile Jalil, Carl Auer von Welsbach, and Olga Taussky-Todd.

Thugot's chancellorship did not survive the Austrian defeats by the French at the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden in 1800 and he was replaced by Johan Ludwig Joseph Cobenzl ( 1800-1805 ), his predecessor's cousin, but who in turn was dismissed following the Austrian defeat at Austerlitz in 1805.

The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of the Classical style working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert.

Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian foreign minister, signed for the Emperor.

* Joseph Haydn wrote minuets which are very close to scherzi in tone, but it was Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert who first used the form widely, with Beethoven in particular turning the polite rhythm of the minuet into a much more intense — and sometimes even savage — dance.

Friends John Baptist Hanten ( 1859 – 1940 ) and others believed to be Michael Ludwig, Frank Marx, Nicholas Haan, Joseph Stumpf, and Joseph J.

Consequently, opus numbers are not usually in chronological order, unpublished compositions usually had no opus number, and numeration gaps and sequential duplications occurred when publishers issued contemporaneous editions of a composer ’ s works, as in the sets of string quartets by Joseph Haydn ( 1732 – 1809 ) and Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 – 1827 ); Haydn's Op.

Armand Joseph Bruat ( Colmar, 26 May 1796 – Montebello, off Toulon, 19 November 1855 ) was a French admiral.

He studied at the seminary at Mainz, when Bruno Franz Leopold Liebermann was regent, and was ordained 22 August 1818 by Bishop Joseph Ludwig Colmar.

In Colmar, Dürer was welcomed by Schongauer's brothers, the goldsmiths Caspar and Paul and the painter Ludwig.