* 1901 – Paul Lazarsfeld, American Sociologist ( d. 1976 )

A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by Robert Dahl, Philip Converse, and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson.

* Paul Lazarsfeld – Director of the Radio Project

Soon after his return to Europe, Gretel moved to Britain, where she and Adorno were married on September 8, 1937 ; a little over a month later, Horkheimer telegrammed from New York with news of a position Adorno could take up with the Princeton Radio Project, then under the directorship of the Austrian sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld.

One example of the clash of intellectual culture and Adorno's methods can be found in Paul Lazarsfeld, the American sociologist for whom Adorno worked in the middle 1930s after fleeing Hitler.

Some of the University's better-known students include: Christian Doppler, Kurt Adler, Franz Alt, Bruno Bettelheim, Rudolf Bing, Lucian Blaga, Josef Breuer, F. F. Bruce, Elias Canetti, Ivan Cankar, Otto Maria Carpeaux, Felix Ehrenhaft, Mihai Eminescu, Paul Feyerabend, Heinz Fischer, O. W. Fischer, Ivan Franko, Sigmund Freud, Alcide De Gasperi, Ernst Gombrich, Kurt Gödel, Erich Göstl, Franz Grillparzer, Jörg Haider, Edmund Husserl, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Marie Jahoda, Elfriede Jelinek, Percy Lavon Julian, Karl Kautsky, Elisabeth Kehrer, Hans Kelsen, Rudolf Kirchschläger, Arthur Koestler, Jernej Kopitar, Karl Kordesch, Karl Kraus, Bruno Kreisky, Richard Kuhn, Paul Lazarsfeld, Gustav Mahler, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Lise Meitner, Gregor Mendel, Franz Mesmer, Franc Miklošič, Alois Mock, Matija Murko, Pope Pius III, Maxim Podoprigora, Hans Popper, Karl Popper, Otto Preminger, Wilhelm Reich, Peter Safar, Mordkhe Schaechter, Arthur Schnitzler, Albin Schram, Wolfgang Schüssel, Joseph Schumpeter, Theodor Herzl, John J. Shea, Jr., Adalbert Stifter, Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar, Kurt Waldheim, Otto Weininger, Stefan Zweig, and Huldrych Zwingli.

However, this incident actually sparked the research movement, led by Paul Lazarsfeld and Herta Herzog, that would disprove the magic bullet or hypodermic needle theory, as Hadley Cantril managed to show that reactions to the broadcast were, in fact, diverse, and were largely determined by situational and attitudinal attributes of the listeners.

Interested in whether radio had attenuated these individual differences in content preferences, Paul Lazarsfeld, head of the Office of Radio Research at Columbia University, set out to examine whether ( 1 ) the total amount of time that people listened to the radio and ( 2 ) the type of content they listened to correlated with their socioeconomic status.

It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al.

Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz are considered to be the founders of functional theory and their book Personal Influence ( 1955 ) is considered to be the handbook to the theory.

Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet supervised 15 interviewers, who from May – October interviewed the strategically selected 2, 400 members of the community several different times in order to document their decision making process during the campaign.

In 1944, Paul Lazarsfeld contacted McFadden Publications in regards to his first book, The People ’ s Choice.

Paul Lazarsfeld founded Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research, where he exerted a tremendous influence over the techniques and the organization of social research.

Three of the pioneers were the Educational Testing Service psychometrician Frederic M. Lord, the Danish mathematician Georg Rasch, and Austrian sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld, who pursued parallel research independently.

Paul Felix Lazarsfeld ( February 13, 1901 – August 30, 1976 ) was one of the major figures in 20th-century American sociology.

Paul Lazarsfeld has been the President of the American Sociological Association ( ASA ) and the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

* Hans Zeisel, " The Vienna Years ," in Qualitative and Quantitative Social Research: Papers in honor of Paul F. Lazarsfeld, ed.

* Lazarsfeld, Paul F. Radio and the Printed Page: An Introduction to the Study of Radio and Its Role in the Communication of Ideas.

* Lazarsfeld, Paul F. " An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir.

* Rogers, Everett M., ‘ Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Mass Communication Effects ’, in his A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach.

* Morrison, David Edward, Paul Lazarsfeld: The Biography of an Institutional Innovator Doctoral thesis, University of Leicester, 1976 ; online-version

* Garfinkel, Simson L. Radio Research, McCarthyism and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bachelor of Science Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987 ; online-version

cs: Paul F. Lazarsfeld

* Katz, E., Lazarsfeld, P. F.

* Katz, E., Lazarsfeld, P. F.

Lazarsfeld, P. F.

* Lazarsfeld Paul F. The People Look at Radio ( University of North Carolina Press, 1946 ).

* P. F. Lazarsfeld, R. K. Merton ( 1954 ).

He was also the president of the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Society in Vienna.

* Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Hans Zeisel, Christian Fleck ( Areas of high unemployment rates )

However, because of profound methodological disagreements with Lazarsfeld over the use of techniques like listener surveys and " Little Annie " ( Adorno thought both grossly simplified and ignored the degree to which expressed tastes were the result of commercial marketing ), Adorno left the project in 1941.

Soon after settling into his new home on Riverside Drive, Adorno met with Lazarsfeld in Newark to discuss the Project ’ s plans for investigating the impact of broadcast music.

At the end of 1939, when Lazarsfeld submitted a second application for funding, the musical section of the study was duly left out.

As Rolf Wiggershaus recounts in The Frankfurt School, Its History, Theories and Political Significance ( MIT 1995 ), Lazarsfeld was the director of a project, funded and inspired by David Sarnoff ( the head of RCA ), to discover both the sort of music that listeners of radio liked and ways to improve their " taste ", so that RCA could profitably air more classical music.

Lazarsfeld and colleagues executed the study by gathering research during the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.

Lazarsfeld discovered that the majority of the public remained unfazed by propaganda surrounding Roosevelt's campaign.

Therefore, Lazarsfeld concluded that the effects of the campaign were not all powerful to the point where they completely persuaded " helpless audiences ", a claim that the Magic Bullet, Hypodermic Needle Model, and Lasswell asserted.

Lazarsfeld introduced the idea of the two step flow model of communication in 1944.

Not only did Lazarsfeld ’ s data indicate people of lower socioeconomic status tended to listen to more radio programming, but also they were simultaneously less likely to listen to “ serious ” radio content.

Like Gray and Munroe ( 1929 ) and Lazarsfeld ( 1940 ) before them, Star and Hughes found that while the campaign was successful in reaching better-educated people, those with less education virtually ignored the campaign.

Lazarsfeld worked with Robert Merton and thus hired C. Wright Mills to head the study.

It was during this time that Lazarsfeld met Luther Fry at the University of Rochester ( which resulted in the inspiration for the research done in Personal Influence, written some twenty years later ) and Robert S. Lynd, who had written the Middletown study.

He had a son, Robert Lazarsfeld, now a professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan, who published Positivity in Algebraic Geometry ( Springer ) in 2004.

Opinion leadership is a concept that arises out of the theory of two-step flow of communication propounded by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz Significant developers of the theory have been Robert K. Merton, C. Wright Mills and Bernard Berelson.

At Columbia he was a student of Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton and received a Ph. D. in 1961.