* In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War.

When Pyrrhus invaded Italy ( 280-278, 275 BCE ), Croton was still a considerable city, with twelve miles of walls, but after the Pyrrhic War, half the city was deserted ( Livy 24. 3 ).

The Roman historian Livy describes the Greek method as being inferior to that of the Romans during the Second Macedonian War.

Although Livy does not cite his source by name, it is likely to have been Quintus Fabius Pictor, a Roman historian who fought in and wrote on the Second Punic War.

Following Roman sources such as Livy and Virgil, the Historia tells how Aeneas settled in Italy after the Trojan War, and how his son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, one of the precursors of Rome.

Livy is the only preserved source to give a continuous account of the war which has become known in modern historiography as the First Samnite War.

According to Livy the First Samnite War started not because of any enmity between Rome and the Samnites, but due to outside events.

Like Livy writes then, the First Samnite War might have started quite by accident.

It is clear that Livy, or his sources, has consciously modelled the Campanian embassy after the " Corcyrean debate " in Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War There are many parallels between the speech given by the Campanian ambassador to the Roman senate in Livy and the speech of the Corcyrean ambassador to the Athenian assembly in Thucydides.

* The 37 elephants in Hannibal's army that crossed the Rhône in October / November 218 BC during the Second Punic War, recorded by Livy.

Livy, on the other hand, says the name came from the remnants of the Clusian army who settled in the area following the War between Clusium and Aricia in 508 BC.

After his election to the consulship he was chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba who was consul with Gaius Aurelius in 200 BC, according to Livy, as general during the Second Macedonian War.

According to Livy the First Samnite War started because the Samnites attacked the Sidicini, a tribe living north of Campania.

Livy records that naval levies in the War against Antiochos consisted of freedmen and colonists ( 191 BC ), while in the Third Macedonian War ( 171 BC – 168 BC ) Rome ’ s fleet was manned by freedmen with Roman citizenship and allies.

For example, Alfonso halted his army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried Livy or Caesar on his campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita even stated that the king was cured of an illness when a few pages of Quintus Curtius Rufus ' history of Alexander the Great were read to him.

In 7, Livy was hired to tutor him in history, with the assistance of Sulpicius Flavus.

The formation of the Latin League led by Laevius ( or Baebius ) Egerius happened under the influence of an alliance with the tyrant of Cuma Aristodemos and is probably connected to the political events at end of the 6th century narrated by Livy and Dionysius, such as the siege of Aricia by Porsenna's son Arruns.

The latter may or may not be identical with the Teutones named by Livy.

According to Livy, Hannibal much later said that when he came upon his father and begged to go with him, Hamilcar agreed and demanded that he swear that as long as he lived he would never be a friend of Rome.

Livy also says that she took a part of her father's body, and his blood, and returned with it to her own and her husband's household gods, and that by the end of her journey she was, herself, covered in the blood.

According to Livy, the Rutuli were, at that time, a very wealthy nation and Tarquinius was keen to obtain the booty which would come with victory over the Rutuli in order, in part, to assuage the anger of his subjects.

The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy ( 218 BC ) and are described as fighting for the Carthaginians ; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes.

During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome's empire and wars.

Livy speaks of the censors of his time as being the first to contract for paving the streets of Rome with flint stones, for laying gravel on the roads outside the city, and for forming raised footpaths at the sides.

In Rome, the vast, patriotic history of Rome by Livy ( 59 BC-17 AD ) approximated Herodotean inclusiveness ; Polybius ( c. 200-c. 118 BC ) aspired to combine the logical rigor of Thucydides with the scope of Herodotus.

There was as yet no precedent for a triumph except in a senior magistracy with command rights ( praetura or consulate ) or with command rights extended from such a magistacy ( viri pro praetore and pro consule ): on these grounds, according to Livy, the request was quite properly refused.

The Christian writer Justin Martyr identified him as Lupercus (" he who wards off the wolf "), the protector of cattle, following Livy, who named his aspect of Inuus as the god who was originally worshiped at the Lupercalia, celebrated on the anniversary of the founding of his temple, February 15, when his priests ( Luperci ) wore goat-skins and hit onlookers with goat-skin belts.

According to Livy, the hill first became part of the city of Rome, along with the Viminal Hill, during the reign of Servius Tullius, Rome ' sixth king, in the 6th century BC.

Florus calls it the urbs urbinum, or capital of Sardinia, and represents it as taken and severely punished by Gracchus, but this statement is wholly at variance with the account given by Livy, of the wars of Gracchus, in Sardinia, according to which the cities were faithful to Rome, and the revolt was confined to the mountain tribes.

His story was immediately famous and he became the augur of the king ( see above the episode with king Tarquinius narrated by Livy ).

Livy mentions a portus Tarraconis ; and according to Eratosthenes it had a naval station or roads (); but Artemidorus says with more probability that it had none, and scarcely even an anchoring place ; and Strabo himself calls it.

The book explicitly notes that, having made war on the ground, man would now fill the skies with death, and all precious things were in danger of being lost, like the lost histories of Rome (" Lost books of Livy ").

Plutarch, who had the works of Cato before him, but was careless in dates, did not observe that the estimation of Livy would take back Cato's 17th year to 222, when there was not a Carthaginian in Italy, whereas the computation of Cicero would make the truth of Cato's statement in harmony with the date of Hannibal's first invasion.

This version is barely consistent with the narrative of Livy, and would seem to attribute to Cato the wrongdoing of quitting his post before his time.

Livy says not a word of Cato's interference in this matter, but mentions the bitterness with which Fabius blamed Scipio of corrupting military discipline and of having illegally left his province to take the town of Locri.

The details of the campaign, as related by Livy, and illustrated by the incidental anecdotes of Plutarch, are full of horror and they make clear that Cato reduced Hispania Citerior to subjection with great speed and little mercy.

Livy puts the reason bluntly: the consuls could no longer seek advantage by arbitrarily tampering with the laws of Rome.

In volume 21 of his work Ab Urbe Condita, Livy ( 59 BC-17 AD ) claims that it was a Boian man that offered to show Hannibal the way across the Alps.

While the Senate mustered their willing slaves, Hannibal offered his dishonoured Roman captives a chance for honourable death, in what Livy describes as something very like the Roman munus.

Livy states that Hannibal deployed 4000 Macedonians in the second line, which is normally rejected as Roman propaganda, though T Dorey suggested that there might have been a seed of truth in the story if the Carthaginians had recruited a trivial number of mercenaries from Macedonia who had gone without official blessing.

Both Livy and Polybius wrote that Maharbal promised safe passage (" with a garment apiece ") if they surrendered their weapons and armour, but Hannibal had them sold into slavery irrespective of the promise made.

The Lusitani were mentioned for the first time, by Livy, as Carthaginian mercenaries who incorporated the army of Hannibal, when he fought the Romans.

The first mention of Illiberis occurs in the history of Livy ( xxi. 24 ): it was the Iberian city at which Hannibal pitched camp having crossed the Pyrenees in 218 BCE, where he negotiated with the assembled Gaulish chiefs his safe passage through their territories on the way to Italy.

Scipio meanwhile again anticipating the consequences immediately broke camp before dawn on that same night ( or the next, in Livy ) and slipping up the right bank of the Po to the west in the same direction from which Hannibal had come crossed the Trebia River, a right-bank tributary of the Po.

Livy intricately described Varro as a demagogue, rousing popular passions against the painstaking strategies of Quintus Fabius Maximus who was, in fact, hampering Hannibal in the field.

Livy writes that the Romans conquered a field of Punic supplies for the troops of Hannibal near Cissis and took the city.

According to Livy the conversation went like this: after Maharbal expressed interest on marching to Rome immediately: " I commend your zeal ," he ( Hannibal ) said to Maharbal, " but I need time to weigh the plan which you propose.

Livy claims that immediately after the victory, Maharbal urged Hannibal to push on at once with his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if he did so, within five days he should sup in the Capitol.

He was taken prisoner by Hannibal ( Livy xxi.

They enter the historical record around the late third century BC, when the historians Polybius and Livy relate – though neither witnessed the event – the capture of the Vaccean cities of Helmantica ( Salamanca ) and Arbucala ( Zamora ) by Hannibal in 220 BCE.