Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* 1469 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author ( d. 1527 )

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era — popes waged acquisitive wars against Italian city-states, and people and cities might fall from power at any time.

Della Lingua ( Italian for " Of the Language ") ( 1514 ), a dialogue about Italy's language is normally attributed to Machiavelli.

Italian anti-fascist philosopher Benedetto Croce ( 1925 ) concludes Machiavelli is simply a " realist " or " pragmatist " who accurately states that moral values in reality do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.

As reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers " associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him as Italian and Catholic ".

* Works of Machiavelli: Italian and English text

* Digitized Italian Letter, Machiavelli, Karpeles Manuscript Library

During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors.

About the same time, he published Pasquale's Angel, set in an alternate Italian Renaissance and featuring Niccolò Machiavegli ( Machiavelli ) and Leonardo da Vinci as major characters.

* May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and political author ( d. 1527 )

* June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman ( b. 1469 )

His personal favorites were the writings of French President Charles de Gaulle, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli.

Forty-four years after his death, on 7 June 1871, his remains were brought to Florence, and with all the pride, pomp and circumstance of a great national mourning, found their final resting-place beside the monuments of Machiavelli and Alfieri, of Michelangelo and Galileo, in the church of Santa Croce, the pantheon of Italian glory he had celebrated in Dei sepolcri.

The Prince ( Italian: Il Principe ) is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli.

In the first sentence Machiavelli uses the word " state " ( Italian stato which could also mean " status ") in order to neutrally cover " all forms of organization of supreme political power, whether republican or princely ".

Machiavelli attributes the Italian city states ’ weakness to their reliance on mercenary armies.

As reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers " associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him as Italian and Catholic ".

Much of this debate is related to the works of the French philosopher Michel Foucault ( 1926 – 1984 ), who, following the Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1469 – 1527 ), sees power as " a complex strategic situation in a given society social setting ".

Italian Niccolò Machiavelli in The Discourses was the first modern political theorist to review the history and practices of the Romans in any depth.

Vetinari is sometimes said to have been based on the Italian statesman and diplomat, Niccolò Machiavelli, but in fact favours a subtly different ( though equally pragmatic ) form of statecraft.

The Mandrake ( Italian: La Mandragola ; written in 1518 and first printed in 1524 ) is a satirical play by Italian Renaissance writer Niccolò Machiavelli.

Agathocles was cited as from the lowest, most abject condition of life and as an example of “ those who by their crimes come to be princes ” in Chapter VIII of Niccolò Machiavelli ’ s treatise on politics, The Prince ( 1513 ).

Machiavelli goes on to reason that Agathocles ' success, in contrast to other criminal tyrants, was due to his ability to mitigate his crimes by limiting them to those that " are applied at one blow and are necessary to one's security, and that are not persisted in afterwards unless they can be turned to the advantage of the subjects ".

Niccolò Machiavelli cites Cesare's dependence on the good will of the Papacy, under the control of his father, to be the principal weakness of his rule.

Niccolò Machiavelli met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery.

Machiavelli attributes two episodes to Cesare Borgia that were at least partially executed by his father: the method by which the Romagna was pacified, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of The Prince, and the assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1503 in Senigallia.

Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the " effectual truth " instead.

Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.

He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.

Despairing of the opportunity to remain directly involved in political matters, after a time Machiavelli began to participate in intellectual groups in Florence and wrote several plays that ( unlike his works on political theory ) were both popular and widely known in his lifetime.

As a political scientist, Machiavelli emphasizes the occasional need for the methodical exercise of brute force, deceit, and so on.

Machiavelli presents it as a series of lessons on how a republic should be started and structured.

That Machiavelli himself was not evil and indeed intended good, is on the other hand generally accepted.

Strauss concludes his 1958 Thoughts on Machiavelli by proposing that this promotion of progress leads directly to the modern arms race.

Firstly, particularly in the Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli is unusual in the positive side he sometimes seems to describe in factionalism in republics.

Machiavelli argued against seeing mere peace and economic growth as worthy aims on their own, if they would lead to what Mansfield calls the " taming of the prince.

saw him as a major source of the republicanism that spread throughout England and North America in the 17th and 18th centuries and Leo, whose view of Machiavelli is quite different in many ways, agreed about Machiavelli's influence on republicanism and argued that even though Machiavelli was a teacher of evil he had a nobility of spirit that led him to advocate ignoble actions.

However, the Founding Father who perhaps most studied and valued Machiavelli as a political philosopher was John Adams, who profusely commented on the Italian's thought in his work, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America.

* Machiavelli on the Net, a Machiavelli webliography with a short introduction.

* Machiavelli on the Online Library Of Liberty

* Machiavelli on diglossa. org library, 5 parallel translations: ru: Г. Муравьева, en: W. K. Marriott, N. H. Thomson, fr: J .- V. Périès, de: G. Regis