Agathocles was cited as from the lowest, most abject condition of life and as an example of “ those who by their crimes come to be princes ” in Chapter VIII of Niccolò Machiavelli ’ s treatise on politics, The Prince ( 1513 ).

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1469 – 1527 )

Niccolò Machiavelli cites Cesare's dependence on the good will of the Papacy, under the control of his father, to be the principal weakness of his rule.

* The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

The Education of a Christian Prince was published in 1516, three years after Niccolò Machiavelli ’ s The Prince.

In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing.

A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli, whose prescriptions for Florence's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimization of political expediency and even malpractice.

* Niccolò Machiavelli and other Florentines preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

To improve the well-being of her subjects she studied architecture, agriculture, and industry, and followed the principles that Niccolò Machiavelli had set forth for rulers in his book The Prince.

He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.

* Il Principe ( 1974 ) ( text by Niccolò Machiavelli ) for 2 mixed choruses, 8 winds, 3 horns, tuba, bass guitar, piano

* 1469 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author ( d. 1527 )

Believing that people were motivated by self-interest, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 as advice for the city of Florence, Italy.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, the first son and third child of attorney, Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli, and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli.

The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1963 ), a standard scholarly biography

The Life and Times of Niccolò Machiavelli ( 2 vol 1892 ), good older biography ; online Google edition vol 1 ; online Google edition vol 2

( 2011 ) Niccolò Machiavelli: History, Power, and Virtue.

Niccolò Machiavelli ( 2005 ) online edition

* Martelli, Mario ( 2004 ), “ Tracce d ` una preistoria dell ` Arte della Guerra di Niccolò Machiavelli ”, Interpres, XXIII, pp. 256 – 8.

* Martelli, Mario ( 1974 ), “ L ´ altro Niccolò di Bernardo Machiavelli ”, Rinascimento, XIV, pp. 39 – 100.

* Machiavelli, Niccolò.

He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, travelled through Asia and apparently met Kublai Khan.

Sarpi wrote on projectile motion in the period 1578 – 84, in the tradition of Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia ; and then again in reporting on Guidobaldo del Monte's ideas in 1592, possibly by then having met Galileo Galilei.

It has also been suggested that the man " from Cathay " described to have visited Pope Eugenius IV ( 1431 – 1447 ) by Paolo Toscanelli in a 1474 letter to Christopher Columbus, may have been Niccolò de ' Conti, who was returning from the east and is known to have met with Pope Eugenius in 1444:

* Niccolò Jommelli ( 1714 – 1774 ) served Duke Karl-Eugen of Württemberg in Stuttgart from 1753 to 1768.

Niccolò had been created lord of Syros by his father Francesco I Crispo, Duke of the Archipelago.

# Maria Elisabeth Maximiliana Ludovika Amalie Franziska Sophia Leopoldine Anna Baptista Xaveria Nepomucena ( b. Dresden, 4 February 1830 – d. Stresa, 14 August 1912 ), known as Elisabeth ; married firstly on 22 April 1850 to Ferdinando, Prince of Savoy and Sardinia and 1st Duke of Genoa, and secondly on 4 October 1856 to Niccolò, Marchese Rapallo.

He also borrowed the situation of a historical Duke and Duchess of Ravenna, related in the Florentine History of Niccolò Machiavelli and in the fiction of Matteo Bandello.

The most important translator of Galen's works into Latin was Niccolò di Deoprepio da Reggio, who spent several years working on Galen.

Niccolò Machiavelli's comedy La Mandragola is loosely based on Lucretia.

Niccolò and his brother Maffeo set off on a trading voyage, before Marco was born.

During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors.

While Niccolò Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy is the period's key work on republics, he also wrote The Prince on how best to run a monarchy.

A 1367 in art | 1367 tempera on wood by Niccolò Semitecolo.

As one longtime reader wrote to Yagoda, this was a place ' where Peter DeVries ... was forever lifting a glass of Piesporter, where Niccolò Tucci ( in a plum velvet dinner jacket ) flirted in Italian with Muriel Spark, where Nabokov sipped tawny port from a prismatic goblet ( while a Red Admirable perched on his pinky ), and where John Updike tripped over the master's Swiss shoes, excusing himself charmingly ".

Bishop Niccolò Albergati was so awe-struck with his capabilities that he took him into his service and gave him the chance to pursue his studies further by sending him on a tour through Germany, France and England.

With the sponsorship of the Florentine art connoisseur, Francisco Maria Niccolò Gabburri ( 1676-1742 ), in the late 1720s and early 1730s Zuccarelli focused on etching.

Louis's failure to hold on to Naples prompted a commentary by Niccolò Machiavelli in his famous opus The Prince:

* Niccolò Cacciatore, his assistant and successor on the post as director

At a formal commemoration on 8 April 1788 his friend and pupil Salieri conducted Gluck's De profundis and a requiem by the Italian composer Niccolò Jommelli was given.

Drawing on Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince, and trying to understand why there had been no Communist revolution in Western Europe, whilst there had been in Russia, Gramsci conceptualised this hegemony as a centaur, consisting of two halves.

** Machiavelli on Niccolò Machiavelli

The enthusiasm for operas based on Ariosto continued into the Classical era and beyond with such examples as Niccolò Piccinni's Roland ( 1778 ), Haydn's Orlando paladino ( 1782 ), Méhul's Ariodant ( 1799 ) and Simon Mayr's Ginevra di Scozia ( 1801 ).

Niccolò Machiavelli, building on this opposition, conflates all rule by a single person ( whom he generally refers to as a " prince ") with " tyranny ," regardless of the legitimacy of that rule, in his Discourses on Livy.

The fourth movement of An die Jugend ( 1909 ), for instance, uses two of Niccolò Paganini's Caprices for solo violin ( numbers 11 and 15 ), while the 1920 piece Piano Sonatina No. 6 ( Fantasia da camera super Carmen ) is based on themes from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen.

# Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince ; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy