In Mesopotamia, it was linked to the god Enlil, and also known as Shudun, " yoke ", or SHU-PA of unknown derivation in the Three Stars Each Babylonian star catalogues and later MUL. APIN around 1100 BC.

But his opposition assumed a more active character in the matter of the bishop of Callinicum in Mesopotamia.

Accounting is thousands of years old ; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7, 000 years, were found in Mesopotamia ( Assyrians ).

These extended southwards along the Red Sea coast and penetrating the Arabian bifacial cultures, which became progressively more Neolithic and pastoral, and extending north and eastwards, to lay the foundations for the tent-dwelling Martu and Akkadian peoples of Mesopotamia.

From the 14th to 11th centuries BC Assyria once more became a major power with the rise of the Middle Assyrian Empire which dominated the whole of Mesopotamia and much of the Near East and Anatolia.

Later, the term Mesopotamia was more generally applied to the all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.

Mesopotamia, as shown by successive law codes, those of Urukagina, Lipit Ishtar and Hammurabi, across its history became more and more a patriarchal society, one in which the men were far more powerful than the women.

Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.

Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the anarchic situation that was at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, turned their attention to more modest goals.

In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so called Murga, although other famous Carnival, more Brazilian stylized, are held in the Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East.

In 1999, Archaeology Magazine reported that the earliest Egyptian glyphs date back to 3400 BC which "... challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia.

New roads were constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian, and Hadrian commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor.

A more comprehensive name of southern Mesopotamia was Kengi, " the land ," or Kengi Sumer, " the land of Sumer ".

The 2nd century writer Lucian gave an account of the Greek Deucalion in De Dea Syria that seems to refer more to the Near Eastern flood legends: in his version, Deucalion ( whom he also calls Sisythus ) took his children, their wives, and pairs of animals with him on the ark, and later built a great temple in Manbij ( northern Syria ), on the site of the chasm that received all the waters ; he further describes how pilgrims brought vessels of sea water to this place twice a year, from as far as Arabia and Mesopotamia, to commemorate this event.

A new examination of skulls from the royal cemetery at Ur, discovered in Iraq almost a century ago, appears to support a more grisly interpretation of human sacrifices associated with elite burials in ancient Mesopotamia than had previously been recognized, say archaeologists.

One stratum is marked by painted pottery of good make, similar to that found in a corresponding stratum in Susa, and resembling early Aegean pottery more closely than any later pottery found in Mesopotamia.

Peter James, co-author of the controversial book Centuries of Darkness, has criticized Sitchin both for ignoring the world outside of Mesopotamia and more specifically for misunderstanding Babylonian literature:

It is more likely that the name refers to the place of his birth, ʿEbrā, where the old road east of Malatya towards Kharput ( modern Elazığ ) and Amida ( Mesopotamia ) ( modern Diyarbakır ) crossed the Euphrates.

Ubaid culture is characterized by large village settlements, characterized by multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses and the appearance of the first temples of public architecture in Mesopotamia, with a growth of a two tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares surrounded by smaller village sites of less than 1 hectare.

After the Partitions of Poland, Prussian authorities took many precious items from the church, including cloths and vestments made of fabrics from ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, obtained during the Crusades ; as well as renaissance wares from Venice, Florence and Lucca ( more than 1000 items altogether ).

It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5, 000 years ago.

The translation of the name as " Mesopotamia " was not consistent-the Septuagint also uses a more precise translation " Mesopotamia of Syria " as well as " Rivers of Syria ".

I. J. Gelb and E. A. Speiser believed Semitic Subarians had been the linguistic and ethnic substratum of northern Mesopotamia since earliest times, while Hurrians were merely late arrivals.

Frequently, efforts to look for deeper linguistic origins of these languages will also attempt to integrate them into attested extinct languages of Europe, such as the Etruscan language of Northern Italy, the Ligurian language of Italy, the Lemnian language of the Aegean Island of Lemnos, the Minoan language aka Linear A of ancient Crete, the Sumerian language once spoken in Mesopotamia ( which is the oldest attested written language ), the language of the Indus River Valley civilization, the Elamite language of Iran, and the Hurrian language and Hattic language of Anatolia.

Assyriology ( from Greek, Assyriā ; and ,-logia ) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of ancient Mesopotamia ( ancient Iraq ) and of related cultures that used cuneiform writing.

There were also linguistic traditions in Mesopotamia and India ; wrote a detailed grammar of Sanskrit in the 4th century BC.

Other 4th century military reports make no mention of Arabs but refer to as Saracens groups ranging as far east as Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) that were involved in battles on both the Persian and Roman sides.

" Others, like Jean Bottéro, the author of Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia, disagreed, believing that it would be too complicated to divide the religion into many smaller groups, stating that:

* In the city of Uruk, southern Mesopotamia, groups of tokens representing commercial transactions begin to be enclosed in hollow clay balls and kept in archives.

The music of Iraq or Iraqi music, ( Arabic, موسيقى عراقية, also known as the Music of Mesopotamia ) encompasses the music of a number of ethnic groups and musical genres.

This era ended in northern Mesopotamia with the expulsion of the Amorite dominated Babylonians from Assyria by king Adasi circa 1720 BC, and in the south with the Hittite sack of Babylon ( c. 1595 BC ) which brought new ethnic groups — particularly Kassites — to the forefront in southern Mesopotamia.

Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ) population.

Armenoid was also identified as the dominant type of the indigenous Semitic groups of Syria and Mesopotamia: the ancient Amorites, the modern Assyrians, Syriacs, and Chaldeans, the religious minorities of Lebanon and Syria, and the Lebanese and Syrians of mountainous regions were all identified as being of the Armenoid type.

Shutu () or Sutu () is the name given in ancient Akkadian language sources to certain nomadic groups of the Trans-Jordanian highlands, extending deep into Mesopotamia and Southern Iraq.

While Constantius was away from the eastern frontier in early 337, Shapur assembled a large army, including war elephants, and launched an attack on Roman territory, laying waste to Mesopotamia and putting Nisibis under siege.

These conflicts were mainly limited to Sassanid sieges of the major fortresses of Roman Mesopotamia, including Nisibis ( Nusaybin ), Singara, and Amida ( Diyarbakir ).

The latter can again be divided between epigraphy ( written inscriptions, both from Israel and other lands including Mesopotamia and Egypt ) and the material record ( everything else ).

Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia.

However it was the Kassites who eventually conquered Babylon and ruled Mesopotamia for 400 years, adopting parts of the Babylonian culture, including Hammurabi's code of laws.

The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians ( including Assyrians and Babylonians ) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history ( c. 3100 BC ) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire.

Most threatening, however, was the ascendancy of Assyria, which was beginning to expand westward from Mesopotamia: the Battle of Qarqar ( 853 BC ), which pitted Shalmaneser III of Assyria against a coalition of local kings, including Ahab, was the first clash between Assyria and Israel.

The followers of Bardaisan of Mesopotamia, a sect of the 2nd century deemed heretical by the Catholic Church, drew upon Chaldean astrology, to which Bardaisan's son Harmonius, educated in Athens, added Greek ideas including a sort of metempsychosis.

As head of the Zengids, including Gumushtigin, he regarded Syria and Mesopotamia as his family estate and was angered when Saladin attempted to usurp his dynasty's holdings.

The defeated Ottoman empire was dissolved into the Republic of Turkey and several smaller nations, including Yemen, plus the new Middle East Allied " mandates " of Syria and Lebanon ( future Syria, Lebanon and Hatay State ), Palestine ( future Transjordan and Israel ), Mesopotamia ( future Iraq ).

In the Chronicles of George the Monk and Symeon Logothetes, the following genealogy occurs: " To the lot of Shem fell the Orient, and his share extended lengthwise as far as India and breadthwise ( from east to south ) as far as Phinocorura, including Persia and Bactria, as well as Syria, Media ( which lies beside the Euphrates River ), Babylon, Cordyna, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Arabia the Ancient, Elymais, India, Arabia the Mighty, Coelesyria, Commagene, and all Phoenicia.

Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south including ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the Indus Valley Civilization.

Excavations were also made below the royal tombs layer: a-thick layer of alluvial clay covered the remains of earlier habitation, including pottery from the Ubaid period, the first stage of settlement in southern Mesopotamia.

While many American museums, both Natural History museums and Art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways ( including the development of Classical collections from ancient Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Rome ).

Although the film does show that Lawrence could speak and read Arabic, could quote the Quran, and was reasonably knowledgeable about the region, it barely mentions his archaeological travels from 1911 to 1914 in Syria and Arabia, and ignores his espionage work, including a pre-war topographical survey of the Sinai Peninsula and his attempts to negotiate the release of British prisoners at Kut in Mesopotamia in 1916.

After the collapse of the Akkadian empire, the south Mesopotamian region was ruled by Gutians for a few decades before the rise of the Sumerian third dynasty of Ur which encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including Babylon.

In the Middle East, Syria ( including the Ottoman autonomous Christian Lebanon and the surrounding areas that became the Republic of Lebanon ) came under French control, while Mesopotamia, and Palestine ( including what became Jordan and Israel ) were allotted to the British.

Amorite dynasties also came to dominate in much of Mesopotamia, including in Larsa, Isin and founding the state of Babylon in 1894 BC.

He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria ( including Cilicia and Palestine ), Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media and Persia.

Hegemony, which came to be conferred by the Nippur priesthood, alternated among a number of competing dynasties, hailing from Sumerian city-states traditionally including Kish, Uruk, Ur, Adab and Akshak, as well as some from outside of southern Mesopotamia, such as Awan, Hamazi, and Mari, until the Akkadians, under Sargon of Akkad, overtook the area.

Seleucus IV Philopator ( Greek: Σέλευκος Δ ' Φιλοπάτωρ ), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 187 BC to 175 BC over a realm consisting of Syria ( now including Cilicia and Judea ), Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Nearer Iran ( Media and Persia ).

The term Early music era may also refer to contemporary but traditional or folk music, including Asian music, Persian music, music of India, Jewish music, Greek music, Roman music, the music of Mesopotamia, the music of Egypt, and Muslim music.

Historical examples include the oldest known Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia and Ur, the Phoenician cities of Canaan ( such as Tyre and Sidon ), the Berber city-states of the Garamantes, the city-states of ancient Greece ( the poleis such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth ), the Roman Republic which grew from a city-state into a great power, the Maya of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ( including sites such as Chichen Itza, Tikal, Palenque and El Mirador ), the central Asian cities along the Silk Road, Venice, Croatian city-state of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ) and many others.