the Low Countries, where the Middle Ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when Charles the Bold of Burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of Grandson.

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German ( initially Middle Low German, later also standard German ), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule, and High German ( including standard German ).

Frankish * forhist is attested by Old High German forst " forest ", Middle Low German vorst " forest ", Old English fyrhþ " forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground " ( English frith ), and Old Norse fýri " coniferous forest ", all of which derive from Proto-Germanic * furhísa -, * furhíþija-" a fir-wood, coniferous forest ", from Proto-Indo-European * perk < sup > w </ sup > u-" a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height ".

The word is continued in German Deutsch ( meaning German ), English " Dutch ", Dutch Duits and Diets ( the latter referring to the historic name for Dutch or Middle Dutch, the former meaning German ), Italian tedesco ( meaning German ), Swedish / Danish / Norwegian tysk ( meaning German ) and Middle Low German dudesch meaning both Low German and the whole of Dutch / German / Low German, as well its descendant, modern Low German dütsch, meaning only Standard High German.

The name " gimlet " comes from the Old French guinbelet, guimbelet, later guibelet, probably a diminutive of the Anglo-French " wimble ", a variation of " guimble ", from the Middle Low German wiemel, cf.

The English term has cognates in the other Germanic languages: Old Saxon heƀan " sky, heaven ", Middle Low German heven " sky ", Old Icelandic himinn " sky, heaven ", Gothic himins ; and those with a variant final-l: Old Frisian himel, himul " sky, heaven ", Old Saxon / Old High German himil, Dutch hemel, and modern German Himmel.

IJscolf, a game resembling Colf with the added element of an ice-covered surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age.

From the 14th to the 16th centuries, Middle Low German as spoken in the towns of the Hanseatic League was the established language, but was subsequently succeeded by High German as official language in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Historians in the Romance languages tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier " High " and later " Low " period.

: ' oxen's head ', with osse being a synonym for steer and bull in Middle Low German ), with an attached hide, and a crown above, may have originated from this period.

This could be because these languages have been mutually affected by each other, as well as having a similar development influenced by Middle Low German.

During the High Middle Ages, German immigration and assimilation of the Slavic Pomeranians ( Ostsiedlung ) introduced Low German Pomeranian dialects which were to become dominant in Pomerania except for some areas in the East, where the populace remained largely Slavic and continued the use of the Slavic Pomeranian language.

* Lothair received the central portion of the empire which later became, from north to south: the Low Countries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and the Kingdom of Italy ( which covered only the northern half of the Italian Peninsula ), collectively called Middle Francia.

The term's origin is uncertain, but seems to enter Middle High German from Middle Low German.

His Italian journey was a poet's version of those perennial thrusts across the Alps of the German emperors of the Middle Ages.

Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

The language of this transition period, from about the 14th to 18th centuries, is referred to as Middle Khmer and saw borrowing from Thai, Lao and, to a lesser extent, Vietnamese.

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century.

" Speaking in tongues " has been used at least since the translation of the New Testament into Middle English in the Wycliffe Bible in the 14th century.

In the Middle Ages, Geneva was ruled by a count under the Holy Roman Empire until the late 14th century, when it was granted a charter giving it a high degree of self-governance.

Therefore, the literature of the late 14th and the early 15th century falls, as it were, in the cracks between Middle and New High German, and can be classified as either.

From the 14th to 11th centuries BC Assyria once more became a major power with the rise of the Middle Assyrian Empire which dominated the whole of Mesopotamia and much of the Near East and Anatolia.

Arthur ( top centre ) in an illustration to the Middle English poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, late 14th century

The Ottoman Turks formed an empire starting from the 14th century which came to encompass the Balkans, Middle East and North Africa.

* Octavian ( romance ), 14th century Middle English poem

The Renaissance (,,,, Original, from rinascere " to be reborn ") was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.

It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelsamer in the 16th century,

It was a year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages.

The word soldier entered modern English in the 14th century, from the equivalent Middle English word soudeour, from Anglo-French soudeer or soudeour, meaning mercenary, from soudee, meaning shilling's worth or wage, from sou or soud, shilling.

Kannada is a southern Dravidian Language and the history of Kannada is conventionally divided in four periods: Purva Halegannada from the 5th century ( as per early epigraphic records ), the Halegannada ( Old Kannada, 9th to 14th century ), the Nadugannada ( Middle Kannada, 14th to 18th century ), and Hosagannada ( Modern Kannada, 1800 to present ).

The current meaning developed in Middle English from the 14th century.

The word " zenith " derives from the inaccurate reading of the Arabic expression (), meaning " direction of the head " or " path above the head ", by Medieval Latin scribes in the Middle Ages ( during the 14th century ), possibly through Old Spanish.

From the mid 14th century BC through to the 11th century BC, much of Canaan ( particularly the north, central and eastern regions of Syria and the north western Mediterranean coastal regions ) fell to the Middle Assyrian Empire, and both Egyptian and Hittite influence waned as a result.

Middle English became much more important as a literary language during the 14th century, with poets such as Chaucer and Langland.

Middle English is fully developed as a literary language by the second half of the 14th century.

The most remarkable Sardinian figure of the Middle Ages, Eleanor of Arborea, was co-ruler of that region in the late 14th century ; she laid the foundations for the laws that remained valid until 1827, the Carta de Logu.

Several sources from the High Middle Ages suggest that there was a common Carantanian ( that is, Carinthian ) identity that slowly vanished after the 14th century and was replaced by a regional Carniolan identity.

In 1992 – 1993 a research team headed by Tim White discovered the first A. ramidus fossils — seventeen fragments including skull, mandible, teeth and arm bones — from the Afar Depression in the Middle Awash river valley of Ethiopia.

Alexis (, c. 394 BC – c. 288 BC ) was a Greek comic poet of the Middle Comedy period.

* Mann, Horace, K. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol III: The Popes During the Carolingian Empire, 858 – 891.

* Mann, Horace, K. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol IV: The Popes in the Days of Feudal Anarchy, 891 – 999.

* 1920 – At the San Remo conference, the principal Allied Powers of World War I adopt a resolution to determine the allocation of Class " A " League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East.

* Middle Bulgarian ( 12th to 15th century ) – a literary norm that evolved from the earlier Old Bulgarian, after major innovations were accepted.

* Hughes, Matthew ( edited and selected ) ( 2004 ) Allenby in Palestine The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919 Publications of the Army Records Society Vol.

In some of these subdivisions the Cambrian is divided into three epochs with locally differing names – the Early Cambrian ( Caerfai or Waucoban, mya ), Middle Cambrian ( St Davids or Albertian, mya ) and Furongian ( mya ; also known as Late Cambrian, Merioneth or Croixan ).

* Vice President – Middle or upper manager in a corporation.

: Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities 1840 – 1974, 4 volumes, Slough: Archive Editions ( 2006 ).

* Bashar Tarabieh: " Education, Control and Resistance in the Golan Heights "; Middle East Report, No. 194 / 195, Odds against Peace ( May – Aug., 1995 ), pp. 43 – 47.

" It also found that Cosmas confuses Dobrawa with Mieszko I's second wife Oda, who at the time of her marriage was around 19 – 25 years old, a relatively advanced age for a bride according to the customs of the Middle Ages.

European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.

Eleanor of Aquitaine () ( 1122 or 1124 – 1 April 1204 ) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages.

The Paleolithic is subdivided into the Lower Paleolithic ( Early Stone Age, ending around 350, 000 – 300, 000 years ago ), the Middle Paleolithic ( Middle Stone Age, until 50, 000 – 30, 000 years ago ), and the Upper Paleolithic.

The English word is thought to date from 1200 – 50, from the Middle English feith, via Anglo-French fed, Old French feid, feit from Latin fidem, accusative of fidēs ( trust ), akin to fīdere ( to trust ).

In southern Middle Franconia, the Altmühl flows towards the Danube, the European Watershed is crossed by the Rhine – Main – Danube Canal.

* Timothy E. Lee – President, GM International Operations ( Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East )

Conversion to Islam and the Albigensian Crusade ( 1209 – 1229 ) greatly reduced the remaining number of Gnostics throughout the Middle Ages, though a few Mandaean communities still exist.