Non-response bias is not the opposite of " response bias " and is not a type of cognitive bias: it occurs in a statistical survey if those who respond to the survey differ in the outcome variable ( for example, evaluation of the need for financial aid ) from those who do not respond.

Non-response can either be ' unit '- where a person gave no response for any of the n items, or ' item '- i. e., individual question.

When the bias is great enough, the two boiling points no longer overlap and so the azeotropic band disappears.

When it comes to sources, ‘ liberal bias ’ is nowhere to be found .”

" When the conservative web site the Drudge Report published this message, many Bush supporters viewed it as " smoking gun " evidence that Halperin was using ABC to propagandize against Bush to Kerry's benefit, by interfering with reporters ' attempts to avoid bias.

When either type of noise is present, it is better to go with a higher bias, lower variance estimator.

When, this gives empirical risk minimization with low bias and high variance.

When is large, the learning algorithm will have high bias and low variance.

When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias ( voltage difference ) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them.

When a small bias V is applied to the system, only electronic states very near the Fermi level, within eV ( a product of electron charge and voltage, not to be confused here with electronvolt unit ), are excited.

When V is positive, electrons in the tip tunnel into empty states in the sample ; for a negative bias, electrons tunnel out of occupied states in the sample into the tip.

When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent out of the device is restricted and a voltage builds up.

When a bias voltage and a load resistor are used in series with the semiconductor, a voltage drop across the load resistors can be measured when the change in electrical conductivity of the material varies the current flowing through the circuit.

Randomization — When subjects are asked to choose from a variety of selections, there is an inherent bias to choose the first selection they are shown.

When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown.

When the extrapolation involves sexuality or gender, it can force the reader to reconsider his or her heteronormative cultural assumptions ; the freedom to imagine societies different from real-life cultures makes SF an incisive tool to examine sexual bias.

When judging message veracity, the truth bias contributes to an overestimate of the actual number of truths relative to the base rate of actual truths.

When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.

When evidence is intentionally excluded to bias the result, it is sometimes termed the fallacy of exclusion and is a form of selection bias.

* Biased sample – When the above happen because of ( personal ) bias of the sampling entity.

When in the high capacitance state, usually with low or no bias, they present a low impedance path to R. F., whereas when reverse biased their capacitance abruptly decreases and their R. F.

When the bias on the grid was dropped, the electrons were trapped on the dielectric as a spot of static electricity.

When he tries to expose the web of blackmail, sex and espionage, he's hamstrung by his editors ' liberal media bias.

When subjects were explicitly told to avoid relying on introspection, their assessments of their own bias became more realistic.

In this situation the analysis would be free from ascertainment bias and the pedigrees would be under " nontruncate selection " In practice, most studies identify, and include, families in a study based upon them having affected individuals.

At the same time, the concentration of media in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.

However, on a decision-making task in which rewards are to be distributed either to an individual ’ s own group or to the other group, individuals will frequently show ingroup bias ; allocating rewards in a way that favors their own group ; expressing more positive attitudes towards members of their own group ; and believing that members of their group have more pleasant personalities, and produce better work than members of the other group.

Identity politics are often vulnerable to bias resulting from the ( subconscious ) perception that the undesirable qualities / actions of individuals from the favored group ( s ), are merely isolated incidents that do not reflect strongly on the favored group, while the undesirable qualities / actions of members the unfavored group ( s ), are useful for making generalizations about the unfavored group ( s ).

* Selection bias, where individuals or groups are more likely to take part in a research project than others, resulting in biased samples.

* Exclusion bias arise due to the systematic inclusion of certain individuals from the study.

These individuals show a memory bias for remembering negative information, possibly due to enhanced amygdala activity during the encoding of emotional ( particularly negative ) information.

In statistics, self-selection bias arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with nonprobability sampling.

However, the psychology of vetoing, protesting, excluding individuals or options, or removing an incumbent, triggers a very different cognitive bias and mode of risk aversion on the part of voters, legislators, or board members-thus it is an over-simplification to think of disapproval as simply ' negative approval '.

According to Morrison, " assuming that there has been gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities in this case, it would not be enough to save § 13981's civil remedy, which is directed not at a State or state actor but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias.

Selection bias is a statistical bias in which there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study.

The hindsight bias has a stronger effect on schizophrenic individuals compared to individuals from the general public.

While most translations are made by committees of scholars in order to avoid bias or idiosyncrasy, translations are sometimes made by individuals.

A self-serving bias, sometimes called a self-serving attributional bias, refers to individuals attributing their successes to internal or personal factors but attributing their failures to external or situational factors.

This bias is a mechanism for individuals to protect or enhance their own self-esteem.

Individuals with higher self-esteem are thought to have more to protect in their self-image, and therefore exhibit the self-serving bias more often than those individuals with lower self-esteem.

Clinically depressed patients tend to show less of a self-serving bias than individuals in the general population.

It has been suggested that the negative mood within depressed individuals as well as their self-focused attention explains why clinically depressed populations are less likely to exhibit the self-serving bias than normal populations.

The group attribution error is a group-serving, attributional bias identical to the fundamental attribution error except that it occurs between different groups rather than different individuals.

( 2007 ) has proposed that the pessimistic bias of depressives resulted in " depressive realism " when asked about estimation of control, because depressed individuals are more likely to say no even if they have control.