Non-tariff barriers, rent-seeking by state-owned enterprises, domestic subsidies, barriers to domestic trade and export restrictions all created economic distortions.

Non-tariff barriers would become more important in the post-WW II reconstruction period.

* Non-tariff barriers to trade

# Redirect Non-tariff barriers to trade

* Non-tariff measures, also known as non-tariff barriers

Non-tariff barriers to trade ( NTBs ) are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.

Non-tariff barriers to trade include import quotas, special licenses, unreasonable standards for the quality of goods, bureaucratic delays at customs, export restrictions, limiting the activities of state trading, export subsidies, countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, rules of origin, etc.

Non-tariff barriers to trade can be:

* Mansfield, E., Busch, M., The political economy of Non-tariff barriers: a cross national analysis ; International Organization, Vol.

* World Trade Organization Website, Non-tariff barriers: red tape, etc .< nowiki >; </ nowiki > http :// www. wto. org / english / thewto_e / whatis_e / tif_e / agrm9_e. htm

* Non-tariff barriers to trade

For example, the marked susceptibility of the monkey to respiratory infection might be related to its delicate, long alveolar ducts and short, large bronchioles situated within a parenchyma entirely lacking in protective supportive tissue barriers such as those found in types 1, and 3.

Cyclocross races feature man-made features such as small barriers which riders either bunny hop over or dismount and walk over.

As a result of the reduction of regional trade barriers and the construction of a high common external tariff, some Honduran manufactured products, such as soaps, sold successfully in other Central American countries.

The strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than expected ; the effect of ecological factors such as niche occupation and the significance of barriers to gene flow are all important.

In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.

Geographical barriers, such as the Amazon river, limit gene flow within the species.

A genetic study by Eizirik and coworkers in 2001 confirmed the absence of a clear geographical subspecies structure, although they found that major geographical barriers, such as the Amazon River, limited the exchange of genes between the different populations.

But even then, such demands as human rights would only be elements in the calculation of overall welfare, not uncrossable barriers to action.

At a regional level, groups of states can create political and legal bodies with sometimes complicated patchworks of overlapping provisions detailing the jurisdictional relationships between the member states and providing for some degree of harmonization between their national legislative and judicial functions, for example, the European Union and African Union both have the potential to become federated states although the political barriers to such unification in the face of entrenched nationalism will be very difficult to overcome.

While police control barriers are a common sight on African highways, and while illicit demands for bribes at such stops are common in many countries, the main Malian highway heading south from Bamako to the Burkina Faso border was singled out in late 2008 as the worst in West Africa.

) A 2004 World Bank report notes a " range of informal barriers to both imports and exports in Moldova, such as cumbersome and restrictive trade procedures, corruption, burdensome and inappropriate regulations and high transport costs.

This tends to be the case in industries where capital costs predominate, creating economies of scale that are large in relation to the size of the market, and hence high barriers to entry ; examples include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

Gassing, barriers ( fences ), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis ( myxo or mixi, colloquially ) and calicivirus.

Numerous obstacles themed from the Mario series appear, such as Thwomps in the Bowser's Castle levels, the Cheep-Cheeps from Super Mario World in Koopa Beach and pipe barriers which are found in the Mario Circuit levels.

Proper use of barriers, such as condoms, depends on the cleanliness of surfaces of the barrier, handling can pass contamination to and from surfaces of the barrier unless care is taken.

* Financial repression: Government policies such as interest rate caps on government debt, financial regulations such as reserve requirements and capital controls, and barriers to entry in markets where the government owns or controls businesses.

Due to anatomical barriers such as the pelvis, the uterus is pushed partially into the abdomen due to its expansion during pregnancy.

Essentially, universal precautions were good hygiene habits, such as hand washing and the use of gloves and other barriers, correct handling of hypodermic needles and scalpels, and aseptic techniques.

The most acute threat comes from migration barriers, such as fences and roads.

Southern states disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites from 1890 – 1908 through constitutional amendments and statutes that created barriers to voter registration, and voting such as poll taxes and literacy tests.

Other factors in the prolongation of the Great Depression include trade wars and the reduction in international trade caused by trade barriers such as Smoot-Hawley Tarriff in the US and the Imperial Preference policies of Great Britain, the failure of central banks to act responsibly, government policies designed to prevent wages from falling, such as the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931, during the deflationary period resulting in production costs dropping slower then sales prices and thereby injuring business profitability and increases in taxes to reduce budget deficits and to support new programs such as Social Security.

" In the context of environmental health, the scientific community will have to pay close attention to those physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials that defeat or circumvent normal cellular processes and lend themselves to indiscriminate penetration of biological barriers, tissues, and cellular systems.

It allows environmental barriers to be removed for people with a wide range of disabilities.

These may be environmental barriers to participation such as architectural barriers, lack of relevant assistive technology and transportation difficulties due to limited wheelchair or public transit that can accommodate the children with CP.

# Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules ( e. g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.

Examples of the environmental design process include use of roadway noise computer models in design of noise barriers and use of roadway air dispersion models in analyzing and designing urban highways.

Researchers from the University College London called attention to the fact that by not considering highly relevant implementation barriers such as forest governance and the costs of enforcement and the installation of sufficient institutional frameworks, McKinsey promotes an overly simplistic view of environmental policy-making.

If this natural developmental pattern is disrupted due to environmental, emotional, or physical barriers ( e. g. if the child was raised in an orphanage or in a highly stressful environment, didn ’ t have the opportunity to move freely, or experienced brain trauma ), it can lead to learning disabilities, ADD, autism, social dysfunction, relative immaturity, and a sense of lonesomeness.

The three major barriers to preventing organizations to shift towards sustainable practice with environmental resource management are: not understanding what sustainability is ; having difficulty modeling an economically viable case for the switch ; and having a flawed execution plan, or a lack there of.

Referred to as Community-Based Social Marketing ( CBSM ) by Canadian environmental psychologist Doug McKenzie-Mohr, CBSM strives to change the behavior of communities to reduce their impact on the environment Realizing that simply providing information is usually not sufficient to initiate behavior change, CBSM uses tools and findings from social psychology to discover the perceived barriers to behavior change and ways of overcoming these barriers.

In other cases, NAFTA ’ s measures threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy, such as in the case of Chapter 11 investment protection, along with measures against non-tariff trade barriers.