* " Pareto Index Induced from the Scale of Companies ", Atushi Ishikawa, Physica A, volume 363, pages 367 – 376, 2006.

* A Prediction Error Criterion for Choosing the Lower Quantile in Pareto Index Estimation, by Debbie J. Dupuis and Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser

Under certain idealized conditions, it can be shown that a system of free markets will lead to a Pareto efficient outcome.

Under Kaldor – Hicks efficiency, an outcome is considered more efficient if a Pareto optimal outcome can be reached by arranging sufficient compensation from those that are made better off to those that are made worse off so that all would end up no worse off than before.

Under Pareto efficiency, an outcome is more efficient if at least one person is made better off and nobody is made worse off.

Under ideal conditions, voluntary exchanges are Pareto improving since individuals would not enter into them unless they were mutually beneficial.

Under the Hicks criterion, an activity will contribute to Pareto optimality if the maximum amount the losers are prepared to offer to the gainers in order to prevent the change is less than the minimum amount the gainers are prepared to accept as a bribe to forgo the change.

Under convexity assumptions or under some marginal-cost pricing rules, each equilibrium will be Pareto efficient: In large economies, non-convexity also leads to quasi-equilibria that are nearly efficient.

* " Wealth Condensation in Pareto Macroeconomies ", Z. Burda, D. Johnston, J. Jurkiewicz, M. Kamiński, M. A.

* " Generalized Pareto Fit to the Society of Actuaries Large Claims Database ", A. Cebrián, M. Denuit and Ph.

* " The Pareto Law and the Distribution of Income ", G. Findlay Shirras, The Economic Journal, volume 45, number 180, pages 663 – 681, December 1935.

Another route undertaken was initiated by Émile Durkheim, studying " social facts ", and Vilfredo Pareto, opening metatheoretical ideas and individual theories.

The theory of indifference curves was developed by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who explained in his book " Mathematical Psychics: an Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences ”, 1881, the mathematics needed for its drawing ; later on, Vilfredo Pareto was the first author to actually draw these curves, in his book " Manual of Political Economy ", 1906 ; and others in the first part of the 20th century.

This analysis follows the lead of the neoclassical school, and relies on the notion of Pareto efficiency – and specifically considers market failures absent considerations of the " public interest ", or equity, citing definitional concerns.

Colloquial uses of the term " market failure " reflect the notion of a market " failing " to provide some desired attribute different from efficiency – for instance, high levels of inequality can be considered a " market failure ", yet are not Pareto inefficient, and so would not be considered a market failure by mainstream

Edgeworth's original two-axis depiction was developed into the now familiar box diagram by Pareto in his book " Manual of Political Economy ", 1906 and was popularized in a later exposition by Bowley.

The liberal paradox is a logical paradox advanced by Amartya Sen, building on the work of Kenneth Arrow and his impossibility theorem, which showed that within a system of menu-independent social choice, it is impossible to have both a commitment to " Minimal Liberty ", which was defined as the ability to order tuples of choices, and Pareto optimality.

In a 2006 working paper titled " Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail ", Erik Brynjolfsson, Yu ( Jeffrey ) Hu, and Duncan Simester found that, by greatly lowering search costs, information technology in general and Internet markets in particular could substantially increase the collective share of hard-to-find products, thereby creating a longer tail in the distribution of sales.

( 2 ) Can laboratory subjects coordinate, or learn to coordinate, on the Pareto best equilibrium and if not, are there conditions or mechanisms which would help subjects coordinate on the Pareto best equilibrium?

In his 2001 essay Strategy Letter IV: Bloatware and the 80 / 20 Myth, Joel Spolsky argues that while 80 % of the users only use 20 % of the features ( a variant on the Pareto principle ), each one uses different features.

In theory, this could be corrected-restoring its neutrality ( and Pareto improvement ),

The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto ( 1848 – 1923 ), an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution.

A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett ( 1976 ), who define an externality as “ a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency .” In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome.

* Vilfredo Pareto ( 1848 – 1923 ), Italian sociologist, economist and philosopher

* Paula Pareto ( born 1986 ), Argentine judoka

Financial markets without Say's law keeping them in balance were thus inherently unstable, and through this identification Keynes deduced the consequences to the macro-economy of long run equilibrium being attained not at only one unique position which represented a ' Pareto Optima ' ( a special case ), but through a possible range of many equilibria that could far under employ human and natural resources ( the general case ).

Other authors who have a more game theoretical bent, such as Martin Osborne and Ariel Rubinstein ( 1994 ), use the term core for the section of the Pareto set which is at least as good for each consumer as the initial endowment.

As is evident, on some maps ( e. g. Pareto, Soligo, Behaim ), Antillia appears without Satanazes.

The form of the island occasionally becomes more figurative than the semi-abstract representations of Bartolomeo de Pareto, Benincasa and others: Bianco, for instance, shifts its orientation to northwest-southeast, transmutes generic bays into river mouths ( including a large one on the northeastern coast ), and elongates a southern tail into a cape with a small cluster of islets offshore.

Vilfredo Pareto ( 1828 – 1923 ), inspired by Mosca ’ s concepts, contributed The Rise and Fall of the Elites ( 1901 ) and The Socialist System ( 1902 – 1903 ) to the discipline of political psychology, theorizing on the role of class and social systems.

( Zdzislaw Burda and others at Jagiellonian University ), 2002 " Wealth condensation in Pareto macroeconomies " model appears in Physical Review E, vol 65

Graphically, and in a two-agent economy ( see Edgeworth Box ), the core is the set of points on the contract curve ( the set of Pareto optimal allocations ) lying between each of the agents ' indifference curves defined at the initial endowments.

* 1986 – Paula Pareto, Argentine judoka

* 1848 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist and sociologist ( d. 1923 )

* Vilfredo Pareto, Cours d ' économie politique professé à l ' université de Lausanne, 3 volumes, 1896 – 7.

To the right is the long tail, and to the left are the few that dominate ( also known as the Pareto principle | 80 – 20 rule ).

The Pareto principle ( also known as the 80 – 20 rule, the law of the vital few, and the principle of factor sparsity ) states that, for many events, roughly 80 % of the effects come from 20 % of the causes .< ref name =" NYT ">.

* July 15 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist ( d. 1923 )

In the absence of perfect information or complete markets, outcomes will generically be Pareto inefficient, per the Greenwald – Stiglitz theorem.

Pareto improvements are a small subset of Kaldor – Hicks improvements.

Kaldor – Hicks efficiency, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, also known as Kaldor – Hicks criterion, is a measure of economic efficiency that captures some of the intuitive appeal of Pareto efficiency, but has less stringent criteria and is hence applicable to more circumstances.

Using Kaldor – Hicks efficiency, an outcome is more efficient if those that are made better off could in theory compensate those that are made worse off, so that a Pareto improving outcome results.

While every Pareto improvement is a Kaldor – Hicks improvement, most Kaldor – Hicks improvements are not Pareto improvements.

This is because, as the graph above illustrates, the set of Pareto improvements is a proper subset of Kaldor – Hicks improvement, which also reflects the greater flexibility and applicability of the Kaldor – Hicks criteria relative to the Pareto criteria.