Local epigraphical evidence is restricted to the decrees of the Epirote League and the Pella curse tablet ( both in early 4th century BC ), as well to the Doric eponym Machatas first attested in Macedonia ( early 5th century BC ).

The Pella curse tablet ( Greek katadesmos )

The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek dialect, found in 1986 and dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialects.

The Pella curse tablet is a text written in a distinct Doric Greek idiom, found in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedon, in 1986.

As a result, the Pella curse tablet has been forwarded as an argument that the Ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialects .< ref >: "...<< Macedonian Language >> de lOxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906: << Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronounciation ( like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc .)>>.

The discovery of the Pella curse tablet, according to Olivier Masson, substantiates the view that the ancient Macedonian language was a form of North-West Greek:

The language is a distinct form of North-West Greek, and the low social status of its writer, as ( arguably ) evidenced by her vocabulary and belief in magic, strongly hint that a unique form of West Greek was spoken by lay people in Pella at the time the tablet was written.

Some scholars view the Pella katadesmos, written in a form of Doric Greek, as the first discovered Macedonian text.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

* The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander.

Although virtually no Ancient Greek painting survives, their understanding of the effect of light modelling can still be seen in the late 4th century BC mosaics of Pella, Macedonia, in particular the Deer Hunt, in the House of the Abduction of Helen, inscribed gnosis epoesen, or ' knowledge did it '.

About 393 we find it concluding an important treaty with Amyntas III of Macedon ( the father of Philip II ), and by 382 it had absorbed most of the Greek cities west of the Strymon, and had even got possession of Pella, the chief city in Macedon.

Posidippus of Pella (, Poseidippos, c. 310 BC – 240 BC ) was an Ancient Greek epigrammatic poet.

Oppian or Oppianus ( Ancient Greek: ) was the name of the authors of two ( or three ) didactic poems in Greek hexameters, formerly identified, but now generally regarded as two different persons: Oppian of Corycus ( or Anazarbus ) in Cilicia ; and Oppian of Apamea ( or Pella ) in Syria.

After the battle is won, Alexander demands that no Greek city-state ever bear arms against Pella and that they supply men, arms, and ships for the war against Persia.

Ten years later king Amyntas III was forced to entrust a portion of his kingdom to the Greek Chalcidians, who refused to relinquish it, and by 382 BC had extended their control westward, including Macedon ’ s capital Pella.

Whilst a comparatively meager number of Macedonians lived in the few native Macedonian cities ( e. g. Aegeae, Pella, Dion ), urbanization increased by the 4th century BC as Greek colonies were conquered and integrated into Macedonia, or new towns were founded ( such as Philippi, Thessalonike and Alexandropolis ).

A fragment of the Macedonian historian Marsyas of Pella ( 4th century BC ), through a scholiast of Iliad xiv 226 < ref > Frg 13, Greek text: confirms the genealogy as found in the Catalogue of Women: " Makedon son of Zeus and Thyia, conquered the land then belonging to Thrace and he called it Macedonia after his name.

For example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the baths, he would write a curse, naming the suspects, on a tablet to be read by the Goddess Sulis Minerva.

The appearance of a form antumnos on an ancient Gaulish curse tablet, however, suggests that the original term may have been * ande-dubnos, a common Gallo-Brittonic word that literally meant " underworld ".

Not much is known about the story behind the defixiones, but it is known that one such tablet invokes Ogmios to cast curse on a barren woman so that she can never marry a man.

One, on a lead curse tablet, reads:

Artemis the gilder was married to Dionysius the helmet maker, as indicated by a curse tablet asking for the destruction of their household, workshop, work, and livelihood.

A curse tablet or defixio is a small sheet of tin or lead on which a message wishing misfortune upon someone else was inscribed.

Usually found rolled up and deliberately deposited, there are five main reasons for dedicating a curse tablet:

The tablet is also described as a " mixed curse " due to the supplicative nature of the appeal.

Following the laying of a water main pipe there in 1976, many discoveries were made including numerous Roman writing tablets or lead curse tablet from the temple area.

In the original myths and legends, lycanthropy is not given any specific cause other than being generally attributed to magic, which may be voluntary ( a supernatural power ) or involuntary ( a curse ).

The New York Timess theatre critic George Jean Nathan wrote that Lerner's book was based on a much older German story by Friedrich Gerstäcker, later translated by Charles Brandon Schaeffer, about the mythical village of Germelshausen that fell under a magic curse.

Heidrek's son, also named Angantyr, caught and killed the thralls, and reclaimed the magic sword, and the curse had ceased.

Another characteristic practice of pow-wow magic is the Himmelsbrief or " heaven's letter " and Teufelsbrief, a " devil's letter ," which presumably is meant to bestow a curse.

Reese practices the folk magic rituals in a small Pennsylvanian town which the residents believe has fallen under a curse.

Kullervo is overwhelmed with rage, and, being unusually naturally gifted at magic, casts a curse that makes the cows Ilmarinen's wife is milking turn into bears, who kill her.

In particular, " curse " may refer to a wish that harm or hurt will be inflicted by any supernatural powers, such as a spell, a prayer, an imprecation, an execration, magic, witchcraft, God, a natural force, or a spirit.

Some even went as far as to consider themselves the evolution of vampirism, citing their extreme versatility of blood magic and lack of a true clan curse.

He promises to use his magic to break the curse on Sophie, providing she breaks the contract between him and Howl.

At lunchtime, a magic battle explodes between Howl and the Witch in Porthaven: they hear the mermaids singing ( one of 3 things that need to happen for the Witch's curse to be fulfilled ).

The Táin is preceded by a number of remscéla, or pre-tales, which provide background on the main characters and explain the presence of certain characters from Ulster in the Connacht camp, the curse that causes the temporary inability of the remaining Ulstermen to fight and the magic origins of the bulls Donn Cuailnge and Finnbhennach.

In the 2011 ABC TV series Once Upon a Time, Queen Regina ( played by Lana Parrilla ) is the main antagonist of the series who placed a curse on the Enchanted Forest that trapped away all the fairy tale characters to the real world that has no magic where they now reside in a town called Storybrooke living their lives as normal people without any memory of what had happened.

On curses he states that, " A curse can originate from such things as maledictions by close relatives, a habit of blaspheming, membership in Freemasonry, spiritic or magic practices, and so on.

" Lucas Luna "-Antonio's uncle, who gets a curse put on him when he tries to stop the Trementina sisters from doing their evil black magic.

# The Black Magic Kindaichi's old friend from Karuizawa telling the truth behind the death of a company director, due to the curse of the puppet by using ' black magic '.

Two general types of magic are identified among speakers, naborou, a beneficial love magic used by many young men in their pursuit of young ladies and yaamba, a kind of mildly destructive magic used to curse and hurt others.

Spells may be offensive in nature ( magic bolt, curse ), potions ( speed potion, healing potion ), utility ( teleport, magic eye ) or summoning ( goblin, unicorn, etc .).

In the past, the Assamite clan devoted its energies to diablerie in order to gain power, until the Tremere placed a magic curse on them, by virtue of which Assamites became physically harmed by the act of drinking vampire blood.

Hecate and Stadlin also discuss a " heart of wax stuck full of magic needles "— a charm that will be used to lay a curse on the livestock of a farmer whom Hecate bears a grudge against.

Both spell books are also unavailable in books five and six ; in the former case because Merlin has run out of time, and in the latter because no magic will work on account of the curse on Camelot.

The king's conjurers employed their most powerful magic in an effort to counteract the curse, but they were unable to save Dimwit and his eleven siblings ; they only managed to delay the kingdom's destruction temporarily.