Denniston et al., eds., Springer, 2012 ), " Promoting Genital Autonomy by Exploring Commonalities Between Male, Female, Intersex, and Cosmetic Female Genital Cutting ," Global Discourse, Summer 2012, " A Rose By Any Other Name: Rethinking the Similarities and Differences between Male and Female Genital Cutting ," in Fearful Symmetries: Essays and Testimonies Around Excision and Circumcision, edited by Chantal Zabus ( Rodopi, 2009 ); Van Howe R, Svoboda JS, " Neonatal pain relief and the Helsinki Declaration ," Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2008: 36: 803-823 ; http :// www. cirp. org / library / ethics / hodges3 / " Prophylactic Interventions on Children: Balancing Human Rights with Public Health "

Prophylactic treatment is sometimes given for patients with vWD who are scheduled for surgery.

Prophylactic oophorectomy significantly reduces the chances of developing both breast cancer and ovarian cancer if you're at high risk.

* Prophylactic colectomy can be indicated in some forms of polyposis, Lynch syndrome and certain cases of inflammatory bowel disease because of high risk for development of colorectal cancer.

If complete response to chemotherapy occurs in a subject with SCLC, then prophylactic cranial irradiation ( PCI ) is often used in an attempt to prevent the emergence of brain metastases.

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood commonly has no identifiable cause ( idiopathic ), and adult-onset GHD is commonly due to pituitary tumours and their treatment or to cranial irradiation.

-prophylactic cranial irradiation

These include the cranial nerves number 2 ( CN II ), number 3 ( CN III ), number 5 ( CN V ), number 7 ( CN VII ), and cranial nerves 9 and 10 ( CN IX, CN X ).

Corneal reflex assess the integrity of cranial nerve number 7 ( CN VII ), and cranial nerve number 5 ( CN V ).

Cranial nerve number 5 ( CN V ), and its ophthalmic branch ( V < sub > 1 </ sub >) are responsible for the afferent arm of the reflex, and the cranial nerve number 7 ( CN VII ) also known a facial nerve, is responsible for the efferent arm, causing contraction of the muscle orbicularis oculi resulting in closing of the eyes.

However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller ( 1250 cm < sup > 3 </ sup >) than Neanderthals, women have a brain slightly smaller than men and the Flores hominids ( Homo floresiensis ), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm < sup > 3 </ sup > ( considered small for a chimpanzee ), about a third of the Homo erectus average.

Typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the cranial nerves ( including vision ), strength, coordination, reflexes, and sensation.

In some primitive cartilaginous fishes, such as the spiny dogfish or mud shark ( Squalus acanthias ), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero, since it exits the brain before the traditionally designated first cranial nerve.

The vagus nerve ( ), also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve ( excluding CN0 ) paired cranial nerves.

They are created by an abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, usually in the brain itself, but also in lymphatic tissue, in blood vessels, in the cranial nerves, in the brain envelopes ( meninges ), skull, pituitary gland, or pineal gland.

Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres ( cerebral cortex ) and of the cerebellum ( cerebellar cortex ), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum ( thalamus ; hypothalamus ; subthalamus, basal ganglia-putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens ; septal nuclei ), cerebellar ( deep cerebellar nuclei-dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus ), brainstem ( substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei ) and spinal grey matter ( anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn ).

These are the substantia nigra ( from the Latin black substance )-Pars Compacta part, the locus coeruleus ( blue spot ), the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve ( cranial nerve X ), and the median raphe nucleus of the pons.

The perception of magnetic fields, electrical fields, low-frequency vibrations and infrared radiation by certain nonhuman vertebrates is processed by the equivalent of the fifth cranial nerve in these animals.

), cranial radiation, intrathecal chemotherapy and neurological disorders, such as ADHD.

These practitioners may use unproven, disproven, or questionable methods, devices, and products such as adjusting machines, applied kinesiology, chelation therapy, colonic irrigation, computerized nutrition deficiency tests, cranial osteopathy, cytotoxic food allergy testing, DMSO, Gerovital, glandular therapy, hair analysis, herbal crystallization analyses, homeopathy, internal managements, iridology, laser beam acupuncture, laetrile, magnetic therapy, and so forth.

Uncommon causes such as tumors, infections, ophthalmologic problems and any other abnormalities should be ruled out before treatment begins Ocular torticollis due to cranial nerve IV palsy, for one, should not be treated with physical therapy.

Later reviews of these studies have concluded that their research is of insufficient quality to provide conclusive proof for the effectiveness of craniosacral therapy and the existence of cranial bone movement.

In the Upledger method of craniosacral therapy, a ten-step protocol serves as a general guideline, which includes ( 1 ) analyzing the base ( existing ) cranial rhythm, ( 2 ) creating a still point in that rhythm at the base of the skull, ( 3 ) rocking the sacrum, ( 4 ) lengthening the spine in the lumbar-sacral region, ( 5 ) addressing the pelvic, respiratory and thoracic diaphragms, ( 6 ) releasing the hyoid bone in the throat, and ( 7-10 ) addressing each one of the cranial bones.

It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.

But because H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case — with a typical cranial volume of 1100 – 1400 cm³ overlapping the 1350 cm³ average of modern humans — and had more advanced tools and behavior, it has been given a separate species classification.

An ice-cream headache, also known as brain freeze, cold-stimulus headache, or its given scientific name sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia ( meaning " nerve pain of the sphenopalatine ganglion "), is a form of brief cranial pain or headache commonly associated with consumption ( particularly quick consumption ) of cold beverages or foods such as ice cream and ice pops.

The difference in the Klingon's appearances was the basis of a multi-part story in Enterprise's fourthand finalseason, but the explanation for the disparity in Romulan appearances was never addressedpossibly because of the show's cancellation before it could reach the planned Earth / Romulan war arc ( though its possible that not all Romulans have cranial ridges given that Spock was able to move about Romulus without suspicion.

Her powers are both presumably the result of a cranial implant given to her by Roxxon.

Ten out of the twelve cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions.

Giant-cell arteritis ( GCA or temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis ) or Horton disease is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arteries of the head, predominately the branches of the external carotid artery.

In children with uncomplicated minor head injuries the risk of intra cranial bleeding over the next year is rare at 2 cases per 1 million.

However, a newer study compared incidence rates of skull lesions and periosteal reaction in Triceratops and Centrosaurus and showed that these were consistent with Triceratops using its horns in combat and the frill being adapted as a protective structure, while lower pathology rates in Centrosaurus may indicate visual rather than physical use of cranial ornamentation, or a form of combat focused on the body rather than the head.

Thus, in veterinary terminology, the ears would be cranial to ( i. e., " toward the head from ") the shoulders in the armadillo, the dog, the kangaroo, or any other vertebrate, including the human.

Objects and surfaces closer to or facing toward the head are cranial ; those facing away or farther from the head are caudal.

* A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal ( head and tail ) portions.

In a study by Muscarella and Cunningham, males and females viewed 6 male models with different levels of facial hair ( beard and mustache or none ) and cranial hair ( full head of hair, receding and bald ).

Macrocephaly ( from the ancient Greek μακρό-macro-long-+ κέφαλος kephalos-head ), occurs when the head is abnormally large ; this includes the scalp, the cranial bone, and the contents of the cranium.

If this is unsuccessful, treatment using a cranial remolding orthosis ( baby helmet ) can help to correct abnormal head shapes. Example of Cranial Remolding Band These helmets are used to treat deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, scaphocephaly and other head shape deformities in infants 3 – 18 months of age.

Alfred Bielschowsky's head tilt test is a test for palsy of the superior oblique muscle caused by damage to cranial nerve IV ( trochlear nerve ).

To avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up, or back.

The head is slightly pear-shaped, likely due to artificial cranial deformation.

After head injuries fluids can leak into the cranial vault, thus elevating intracranial pressure.

On 12 October he presented them to the Liverpool Royal Institution, where the head may have been displayed in a case along with some other preserved heads and wax models illustrating cranial anatomy.

Numerous injuries are reported to health institutions, worldwide, in relation to cricket ball injuries including ocular ( with some players having lost eyes ), cranial ( head ), dental ( teeth ), digital ( fingers and toes ) and testicular.

It starts in the vestibular system, where semicircular canals get activated by head rotation and send their impulses via the vestibular nerve ( cranial nerve VIII ) through Scarpa's ganglion and end in the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.

For instance, if the head is turned clockwise as seen from above, then excitatory impulses are sent from the semicircular canal on the right side via the vestibular nerve ( cranial nerve VIII ) through Scarpa's ganglion and end in the right vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.

While the lateral line in lumpsuckers is otherwise reduced or absent, it is well developed in the head ; some species even have tubular, whisker-like external projections of the opercular canal, which is a part of the cranial lateral line system.