John Rawls, a critic of utilitarianism, argues that utilitarianism, in common with other forms of consequentialism, relies on the perspective of such an ideal observer.

In 1971 John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, noteworthy in its pursuit of moral arguments and eschewing of meta-ethics.

* 1921 – John Rawls, American philosopher ( d. 2002 )

John Rawls was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples.

According to most contemporary theories of justice, justice is overwhelmingly important: John Rawls claims that " Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.

In his A Theory of Justice, John Rawls used a social contract argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness: an impartial distribution of goods.

** The Contractarianism of John Rawls, which holds that the moral acts are those that we would all agree to if we were unbiased.

From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism.

* John Rawls: Revitalized the study of normative political philosophy in Anglo-American universities with his 1971 book A Theory of Justice, which uses a version of social contract theory to answer fundamental questions about justice and to criticise utilitarianism.

* John Rawls

* Rawls, John ( 2000 ), Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, Barbara Herman ( ed.

The objection that ‘ utilitarianism does not take seriously the distinction between persons ’ came to prominence in 1971 with the publication of John Rawls ’ A Theory of Justice.

* November 24 – John Rawls, American political theorist ( b. 1921 )

Robert Nozick and John Rawls expressed competing visions in Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia and Rawls ' A Theory of Justice.

Social contract theories were eclipsed in the nineteenth century in favor of utilitarianism, Hegelianism, and Marxism, and were revived in the twentieth, notably in the form of a thought experiment by John Rawls.

John Rawls ( 1921 – 2002 ) proposed a contractarian approach that has a decidedly Kantian flavour, in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ), whereby rational people in a hypothetical " original position ", setting aside their individual preferences and capacities under a " veil of ignorance ", would agree to certain general principles of justice and legal organization.

* Rawls, John.

Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls.

Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant.

* Rawls, John.

* Rawls, John.

For example, John Rawls asks us to imagine a group of persons in a situation where they know nothing about themselves, and are charged with devising a social or political organization ( See the veil of ignorance ).

* John Rawls ( 1999 )

Rawls was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1999 and has no evidence of the disease as of 2006.

* John M. Harbert III: Marching to the Beat of a Different Drummer, ( ISBN 0-9666546-0-9 ) by Leah Rawls Atkins, Tarva House, Birmingham, Alabama ( 1999 )

Entitlement theory contrasts sharply with the Principles of Justice in Rawls ' A Theory of Justice, which state that each person has an equal claim to basic rights and liberties, and that inequality should only be permitted to the degree that such inequality is " reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage " ( Rawls 1999: 53 ).

# John Rawls, A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ).

* 1973, " Rawls on Justice ", Philosophical Review, pp. 220-34 ( a discussion review of A Theory of Justice by John Rawls ).

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls articulates the Liberty Principle as the most extensive basic liberty compatible with similar liberty for others ; he later amended this in Political Liberalism, stating instead that " each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties " ( emphasis added ).

By guaranteeing the worst-off in society a fair deal, Rawls compensates for naturally-occurring inequalities ( talents that one is born with, such as a capacity for sport ).

Rawls argues that the inequality between a doctor's salary and a grocery clerk's is only acceptable if this is the only way to encourage the training of sufficient numbers of doctors, preventing an unacceptable decline in the availability of medical care ( which would therefore disadvantage everyone ).

Anne Rawls provides a brief developmental history of Garfinkel, and ethnomethodology, in " Ethnomethodology's Program " ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002 ).

It is ... upon this principle that in the end everything rests, and everything comes back to it " ( Durkheim: 1895: 45-as cited from Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 2: fn # 2 ).

" Misreading " Durkheim's statement in the context of, as juxtaposed to, or read against, the fundamental assumption of ethnomethodological studies below: " Some leading policies ...", produces an ethnomethodological " respecification " of Durkheim's statement rationale w / a strictly textual reading is also offered ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 19-22 ; Garfinkel: 2002: 118-119: fn # 46 ).

Rawls states: " According to Garfinkel, the result of Ethnomethodological studies is the fulfillment of Durkheim's promise that the objective reality of social facts is sociology's fundamental principle " ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 9 ).

As such, ethnomethodology's programmatic directive becomes ,"... to restore Sociology to the pursuit of Durkheim's aphorism, through an insistence on the concreteness of things opposed to theoretical and conceptual constructionism ( see Garfinkel: 2002: 50-52 ), and on the claim that the concreteness of things necessarily depends on, and is produced in and through, complex mutually recognizable practices enacted by participants in social scenes " ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 2 ).

As Rawls states: " Ethnomethodology ... is not a methodology, but rather a study of methodology " ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 122: fn .# 3 ).

That is, "... members of society must have some shared methods that they use to mutually construct the meaningful orderliness of social situations " ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: 6 ).

" " The keystone of the argument is that local orders exist ; that these orders are witnessable in the scenes in which they are produced ; and that the possibility of intelligibility is based on the actual existence and detailed enactment of these orders " ( Rawls: 2000: 146 ).

Durkheim famously recommended: "... our basic principle, that of the objectivity of social facts " ( Durkheim: 1895 / 1982: S. 45-as cited in Garfinkel / Rawls: 2002: 2: fn # 2 ).

There is also a textual link / rationale provided in the literature ( Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002: ppgs. 19-22 ).

He is best known for the Harvard course ' Justice ', which is available to view online, and for his critique of John Rawls ' A Theory of Justice in his Liberalism and the Limits of Justice ( 1982 ).

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Thomas Pogge, Realizing Rawls ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1989 ).

* “( Woodrow ) Wilson Rawls .” ( 2004 ).