The " birth " of the croissant itself – that is, its adaptation from the plainer form of Kipferl, before the invention of Viennoiserie – can be dated with some precision to at latest 1839 ( some say 1838 ), when an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang, founded a Viennese Bakery (" Boulangerie Viennoise ") at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris.

Other La Scala highlights included an appearance in the original production of Federico Ricci's Un duello sotto Richelieu ( 1839 ) and the role of Tonio in the house premiere of Donizetti's La Fille du Régiment ( 1840 ).

Among them are Richelieu ( 1829 ), Philip Augustus ( 1831 ), The Huguenot ( 1838 ), Henry of Guise ( 1839 ), The Man at Arms ( 1840 ), The King's Highway ( 1840 ), The Commissioner: or, De lunatico Inquirendo ( 1843 ), Agincourt ( 1844 ) and The Smuggler ( 1845 ).

* Richelieu ( play ), a play written by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1839

An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands ( Hercules being a kingly symbol ), where " Armand de Richelieu " became " Ardue main d ' Hercule ".

The immediate occasion for the war was the uprising of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia against the emperor, but the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark ( 1625 – 29 ), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ( 1630 – 48 ) and France under Cardinal Richelieu.

Some examples of these de facto rulers are Empress Dowager Cixi of China ( for son Tongzhi and nephew Guangxu Emperors ), Prince Alexander Menshikov ( for his former lover Empress Catherine I of Russia ), Grigori Rasputin through Tsarina Alexandra ( for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia ), Cardinal Richelieu of France ( for Louis XIII ), and Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily ( for her husband King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies ).

Exceptions were made for equal royal intermarriage with the princes étrangers and, by royal command, with the so-called princes légitimés ( i. e. out-of-wedlock but legitimised descendants of Henry IV and Louis XIV ), as well as with the nieces of Cardinal-prime ministers ( i. e. Richelieu, Mazarin ).

This debate on the respective roles of contrition and attrition, which had not been settled by the Council of Trent ( 1545 – 1563 ), was one of the motives of the imprisonment in May 1638 of Saint-Cyran, the first leader of Port-Royal, by order of Cardinal Richelieu.

This was evident in his next plays, which were classical tragedies: Horace ( 1640, dedicated to Richelieu ), Cinna ( 1643 ), and Polyeucte ( 1643 ).

In 1616 Marie's rule was strengthened by the addition to her councils of Armand Jean du Plessis ( later Cardinal Richelieu ), who had come to prominence at the meetings of the Estates General.

Raymond Massey played Richelieu in Under the Red Robe ( 1937 ), based on Stanley J. Weyman's swashbuckling novel of the same title.

Poet Christopher Logue portrayed Richelieu in the Ken Russell film, The Devils ( 1971 ), based on Aldous Huxley's The Devils of Loudun.

Alice Heine ( February 10, 1858 – December 22, 1925 ), styled HSH The Princess of Monaco, and also The Duchess of Richelieu, was the American-born second wife of Prince Albert I of Monaco, a great-grandfather of Prince Rainier III of Monaco.

Their only son, Armand de La Chapelle ( born in Paris on 21 December 1875 ), became the 8th and last Duke of Richelieu and of Fronsac and Marquis of Jumilhac on the death of his father on June 28, 1880.

Buckingham then negotiated with the French Prime Minister to the King, Cardinal Richelieu, for English ships to aid Richelieu in his fight against the French Protestants ( Huguenots ), in return for French aid against the Spanish occupying the Palatinate.

Deprived of his positions by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was appointed Minister of Justice under the Duc de Richelieu ( August 1815 ), tried unsuccessfully to gain the confidence of the Ultra-Royalists, and withdrew at the end of nine months ( 10 May 1816 ).

By 1988 Dawson either still or had also operated the Richelieu campus in St. Henri, the DeLorimier campus, the Victoria campus on McGill Street ( in Old Montreal ), with additional facilities on Saint Catherine Street among other locations.

They built five forts along its length: Fort Richelieu at its mouth, Fort St. Louis ( or Fort Chambly ), Fort Ste.

Dubois, the third of the four great Cardinal-Ministers ( Richelieu, Mazarin, Dubois, and Fleury ), was born in Brive-la-Gaillarde, in Limousin.

He adapted this style to the grand decorative scheme of the era of Louis XIII and Richelieu and was made premier peintre du Roi.

But in 1638 Richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the Thirty Years ' War, defaulted on the government's bonds.

An even more prominent example is that of Cardinal Richelieu, whose power was so great that he was for many years the real ruler of France.

Over time it became clear these privileges would be open to abuse and when in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the ' Republic of the Reformed Churches of France ', the Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu ( 1585 – 1642 ) invoked the entire powers of the state.

* In Alexandre Dumas ' The Three Musketeers, d ' Artagnan escapes prosecution for the death of Milady by means of an ambiguously worded lettre de cachet given to Milady for her own use by the Cardinal de Richelieu.

At one point in her life, Cardinal Richelieu offered fifty thousand crowns for a night in her bed.

In 1626 Richelieu founded the Norman Company, an association of Dieppe and Rouen merchants responsible for the operation in Senegal and The Gambia.

Richelieu, as ambitious for France and the French monarchy as for himself, laid the ground for the absolute monarchy that would last in France until the Revolution.

The Huguenots called upon the English crown for assistance against the Catholic Cardinal Richelieu.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Cardinal Richelieu began to build a naval arsenal and dockyard at Toulon to serve as a base for a new French Mediterreanean fleet.

The brevets were entirely withdrawn in 1629, by Louis XIII, following the Siege of La Rochelle, in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for fourteen months.

Among its principal patrons and benefactors was Cardinal Richelieu, who held for a time the office of provisor and who, in 1635, laid the cornerstone of an edifice to be built at his expense for the use of the college.

Cardinal Richelieu, a semi-fictional treatment of incidents in his career was made in 1935 with George Arliss in the role.

* Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 )

* Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 )

* Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 ) ( 20th Century Fox ) ... Richelieu's Outrider

Richelieu was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1867 to 1935.

Richelieu — Verchères was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1935 to 1968.

# Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 )

The novel, and subsequent film adaptations, depicts Richelieu as a power-hungry, unscrupulous, and avaricious minister.

Richelieu is one of the clergymen most frequently portrayed in film, notably in the many versions of Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers.

Christoph Waltz played Richelieu in the 2011 film The Three Musketeers.

* Tim Curry in the film The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) This film, in a major departure from both history and Alexandre Dumas ' work, depicts Richelieu as trying to overthrow and assassinate Louis XIII.

He appeared in a number of films as an actor, most notably as Cardinal Richelieu in Ken Russell's film The Devils ( 1971 ) and as the spaghetti-eating fanatic in Terry Gilliam's Jabberwocky ( 1977 ).

The film had a sequel, The Iron Mask ( 1929 ), also starring Fairbanks as d ' Artagnan and DeBrulier as Cardinal Richelieu.

* Richelieu ( film ), a 1913 film based on the play, featuring Lon Chaney, Sr.

It is the last time Richelieu appears in the film.

The film stars Fairbanks as d ' Artagnan, Marguerite De La Motte as his beloved Constance ( who is killed early in the film to protect the secret that the King has a twin brother ), Nigel De Brulier as the scheming Cardinal Richelieu, and Ulrich Haupt as the evil Count De Rochefort.