From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations.

Later, those as Robert Boyle, John Mayow, Johann Glauber, Isaac Newton, and Georg Stahl put forward ideas on elective affinity in attempts to explain how heat is evolved during combustion reactions.

He covers over 40 scientists, with special attention paid to Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton.

At one time or another, the membership included Isaac Asimov, Frederik Pohl, Cyril Kornbluth, James Blish, John Michel, Judith Merril, Robert A. W. Lowndes, Richard Wilson, Damon Knight, Virginia Kidd, and Larry T. Shaw.

* Robert Graham, Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism ( 300CE-1939 ) contains extensive selections from the anarchist communists, including Joseph Dejacque, Carlo Cafiero, Peter Kropotkin, Luigi Galleani, Errico Malatesta, Charlotte Wilson, Ricardo Flores Magon, Shifu, Hatta Shuzo, Alexander Berkman, Voline, and Isaac Puente.

To Robert Boyle in the 17th century, a little before Isaac Newton, the aether was a probable hypothesis and consisted of subtle particles, one sort of which explained the absence of vacuum and the mechanical interactions between bodies, and the other sort of which explained phenomenon such as magnetism ( and possibly gravity ) that were inexplicable on the basis of the purely mechanical interactions of macroscopic bodies:

At the turn of the 21st century, well-established artists such as Sir Anthony Caro, Lucian Freud, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Helen Frankenthaler, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, James Rosenquist, Alex Katz, Philip Pearlstein, and younger artists including Brice Marden, Chuck Close, Sam Gilliam, Isaac Witkin, Sean Scully, Mahirwan Mamtani, Joseph Nechvatal, Elizabeth Murray, Larry Poons, Richard Serra, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Joel Shapiro, Tom Otterness, Joan Snyder, Ross Bleckner, Archie Rand, Susan Crile, and dozens of others continued to produce vital and influential paintings and sculpture.

Robert A. Heinlein, L. Sprague de Camp, and Isaac Asimov, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard | Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1944.

Robert E. Howard at about five years old ( circa 1911 ). Howard was born January 22, 1906 in Peaster, Texas, the only son of a traveling country physician, Dr. Isaac Mordecai Howard, and his wife, Hester Jane Ervin Howard.

Other noteworthy hard SF authors include Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Hal Clement, Greg Bear, Larry Niven, Robert J. Sawyer, Stephen Baxter, Alastair Reynolds, Charles Sheffield, Ben Bova, Kim Stanley Robinson and Greg Egan.

Along with the inventor and microscopist Robert Hooke ( 1635 – 1703 ), Sir Christopher Wren ( 1632 – 1723 ) and Sir Isaac Newton ( 1642 – 1727 ), English scientist and astronomer Edmond Halley ( 1656 – 1742 ) was trying to develop a mechanical explanation for planetary motion.

Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe, the chemical physician Paracelsus, the Irish philosopher Robert Boyle, and the English philosophers Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton.

Optics, for instance, was revolutionized by people like Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huygens, René Descartes and, once again, Isaac Newton, who developed mathematical theories of light as either waves ( Huygens ) or particles ( Newton ).

Isaac Jaggard had died in 1627, and Edward Blount had transferred his rights to stationer Robert Allot in 1630.

L. Sprague de Camp ( center ) with Robert A. Heinlein and Isaac Asimov

During World War II, de Camp served as a researcher at the Philadelphia Naval Yard along with his fellow writers Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein.

No authenticated portrait of Robert Hooke exists, a situation sometimes attributed to the heated conflicts between Hooke and Isaac Newton.

A number of scientists, inventors, and science fiction writers have also credited Tom Swift with inspiring them, including Ray Kurzweil, Robert A. Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov.

* The Craft of Science Fiction: A Symposium on Writing Science Fiction and Science Fantasy ( 1976, with Robert A. Heinlein, Frederik Pohl, Larry Niven, Poul Anderson, Harlan Ellison, Hal Clement, A. E. van Vogt, Frank Herbert, Jerry Pournelle, Isaac Asimov, Jack Williamson, Norman Spinrad )

The earl's father, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex by Isaac Oliver, c. 1597 Robert Devereux as a child with his mother Frances Walsingham, countess of Essexby Robert Peake the elder, 1594

Many well-known science fiction writers were to follow, including Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Clifford Simak, plus Robert A. Heinlein who wrote The Puppet Masters in 1953.

Other Town Council members are Isaac Hagerman, Dawn Rowe, Merl Abel and Robert Lombardo.

* Lionel Robert Wilberforce ( 1861 – 1944 ), British physicist, great-grandson of William Wilberforce and inventor of the Wilberforce pendulum

And so in many of the major areas of humanitarian reform, Christians and rationalists worked together: in the case of slavery ; William Wilberforce, the Buxtons but also Jeremy Bentham and Condorcet ; in the case of working conditions ; evangelicals such as Lord Shaftesbury but also Robert Owen and Edwin Chadwick ; in the case of punishments Beccaria but also Samuel Romilly ; in the case of the mentally ill ; Shaftesbury and Pinel and in the case of the treatment of animals, Bentham enlisted the aid of Wilberforce.

Along with other Anglo-Catholics, Hope was disturbed by the Gorham judgment and, on 12 March 1850, a meeting was held at his house in Curzon Street, London which was attended by fourteen leading Tractarians including: Badeley, Henry Edward Manning and Archdeacon Robert Isaac Wilberforce.

* American Men's Singles Championship – Robert Wrenn defeats Wilberforce Eaves ( GB ) 4 – 6 8 – 6 6 – 3 2 – 6 6 – 2

Important British political figures include ; Emmeline Pankhurst, leader of the suffragettes which helped win women the right to vote, William Wilberforce, leading abolitionist, Robert Peel, founded the Conservative party and is also credited with the creation of the modern police force.

Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Hurrell Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and William Palmer.

Social reform under politicians such as Robert Peel and campaigners like William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson and members of the Clapham Sect began to bring about radical change in areas such as the abolition of slavery, prison reform and social justice.

William Wilberforce Still ( 1854 – 1914 ) graduated from Lincoln University and subsequently practiced law in Philadelphia ; Robert George Still ( 1861 – 1896 ), was a journalist who owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in central Philadelphia and Frances Ellen Still ( 1857 – 1930 ) became a kindergarten teacher ( she was named after poet Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, who lived with the Stills before her marriage ).

Soon after the young couple had set up house in Northumberland Street, they were found and befriended by Sir Robert Harry Inglis, and it was at his instance that the portrait in watercolour of William Wilberforce, afterwards engraved by Samuel Cousins, was painted by Richmond ; this picture, by its happy treatment of a difficult subject, and by the excellence of the engraving after it, achieved a world-wide success.

In the National Portrait Gallery are portraits by him of Lord Sidmouth ( watercolour ); Lord-chancellors Cranworth and Hatherley, Baron Cleasby and Lord Cardwell ( oil paintings ); Samuel Rogers, the poet, and John Keble ( crayon drawings ), both bequeathed by the painter ; besides drawings, purchased in July 1896, of Earl Canning, Viscount Hill, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Canon Liddon, Archbishop Longley, Sir Charles Lyell, Cardinal Newman, Dr. Pusey, Sir Gilbert Scott, Sir Robert Harry Inglis, and Bishop Wilberforce.

The new museum hall was crowded with clergy, undergraduates, Oxford dons and gentlewomen anticipating that Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford, would speak to repeat the savage trouncing he had given in 1847 to the Vestiges published anonymously by Robert Chambers.

Their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce.

* Robert Isaac Wilberforce and Samuel Wilberforce ( eds.

Robert Isaac Wilberforce ( 19 December 18023 February 1857 ) was an English clergyman and writer.

On 27 March 1848, Robert Wilberforce and his brother Samuel joined the Canterbury Association.

Edward's son Lionel Robert Wilberforce ( 1861 – 1944 ) was in 1900 appointed professor of physics in the University of Liverpool, and his other children were:

fr: Robert Isaac Wilberforce

The successful candidates were future Tractarians Hurrell Froude and Robert Isaac Wilberforce.

* 1802 – The first merchant token to bear the name Gibraltar ( albeit spelt Gibralter ) was issued by Robert Keeling in order to alleviate a shortage of copper.

She also had a half-brother, Robert ( 1802 – 64 ), and half-sister, Fanny ( 1805 – 82 ), from her father's previous marriage to Harriet Poynton (? 1780 – 1809 ).

* 1802 – Robert Chambers, Scottish author and journalist ( d. 1871 )

James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in 1802.

On April 18, 1802, Jefferson penned a letter to Robert Livingston.

With the importation of slaves no longer being legal, Governor Robert Patton ( 1802 – 1807 ) recommended that Company import Chinese labour to grow the rural workforce.

Jefferson had sent James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston to Paris in 1802 to try to buy the city of New Orleans and adjacent coastal areas.

* Robert Thorpe 1802 translation

* Robert Robson – Waxy ( 1793 ), Tyrant ( 1802 ), Pope ( 1809 ), Whalebone ( 1810 ), Whisker ( 1815 ), Azor ( 1817 ), Emilius ( 1823 )

The Bellview Valley, near Caledonia and Belgrade, was settled in 1802 by the families of Annanias McCoy, Benjamin Crow, and Robert Reed.

James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase in 1802.

He was the youngest son of Dr Robert Emmet ( 1729 – 1802 ), a court physician, and his wife, Elizabeth Mason ( 1739 – 1803 ).

In 1802, Watkinsville, originally known as the “ Big Springs ” community, was named after Colonel Robert Watkins of Augusta, a lawyer and early compiler of A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia through 1799.

William Owen ( 1802 – 1842 ), Robert Owen's second oldest son, was involved in New Harmony's business and community affairs.

* Arlington House ( the Custis-Lee Mansion ), 1802, Arlington County —- home of Robert E. Lee

The baths were presented as a gift to the town by philanthropists and benefactors Robert Platt ( 1802 – 1882 ), born in Stalybridge, and his wife Margaret Platt ( 1819 – 1888 ), born in Salford.

** Robert Aitken, printer and publisher ( died 1802 )

William Barton Rogers had three brothers: James Blythe Rogers ( 1802 – 1852 ), Henry Darwin Rogers ( 1808 – 1866 ), and Robert Empie Rogers ( 1813 – 1884 ).

* Robert Van Rensselaer ( 1740 – 1802 ), New York politician

* Robert Chambers ( 1802 – 1871 ), publisher and author of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

** Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton ( 1802 – 1821 )

* Robert Smith ( Illinois politician ) ( 1802 – 1867 ), U. S. Representative from Illinois

After short visits to Germany and London, he was invited back to Edinburgh in November 1834 to become minister of North College Street church ( afterwards Argyle Square ), an independent church which had arisen in 1802 out of the evangelical movement associated with the Haldane brothers, Robert and James.

* Robert Aitken ( publisher ) ( 1734 – 1802 ), American publisher