Continued Russian financial difficulties have hurt the trade sector especially, but have been offset by international aid, domestic restructuring and foreign direct investment.

Due to reforms and liberalization of economy policy Georgia shows exceptional resilience to external shocks – Russian invasion in 2008 and global financial crisis.

Their path was facilitated by the previous actions of the Decembrists, who revolted in 1825, and the financial and political hardship caused by the Crimean War, which caused large numbers of Russian people to lose faith in political institutions.

Latvia's state budget was balanced in 1997 but the 1998 Russian financial crisis resulted in large deficits, which were reduced from 4 % of GDP in 1999 to 1. 8 % in 2003.

Initially successful with annualized returns of over 40 % ( after fees ) in its first years, in 1998 it lost $ 4. 6 billion in less than four months following the Russian financial crisis requiring financial intervention by the Federal Reserve, with the fund liquidating and dissolving in early 2000.

In the course of developing the Russian application of Marxism, the pamphlet Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) presented Lenin ’ s analysis of an economic development predicted by Karl Marx: that capitalism would become a global financial system, wherein advanced industrial countries export financial capital to their colonial countries, to finance the exploitation of their natural resources and the labour of the native populations.

Average real economic growth leveled off to about 3. 5 % in 1996 – 99 due to the Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and worsening commodity prices, especially copper and gold.

High budget deficits caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis and resulted in further GDP decline.

With financial backing from Savva Mamontov ( the director of the Russian Private Opera Company ) and Princess Maria Tenisheva, the group founded the journal Mir iskusstva ( World of Art ).

In 2001, in another context, just after " the nineties ' crises in Mexico, Southeast Asia and Russia ," which included the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and the 1998 Russian financial crisis, Tobin summarized his idea:

According to the Estonian Security Police, Russian influence operations in Estonia form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in Republic of Estonia for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to Russian Federation and conducted under the doctrine of near abroad.

Although internationally there was negativity surrounding the 1998 Russian financial crisis, the Dow would go on to surpass the 9, 000 level during the month of April in 1998, making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10, 000 level.

Unfortunately, although considerable development work was performed on the balloon and its subsystems, Russian financial difficulties pushed the Mars probe out from 1992, then to 1994, and then to 1996.

High external debt also caused increasing problems as financial crises affecting other countries ( the Tequila Crisis in Mexico, the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian financial crisis in 1998 ) led to higher interest rates for Argentina as well.

Pouring more money into the Russian economy would not be a long-term solution, but the U. S. in particular feared that Yeltsin's government would not survive a looming financial crisis without IMF help.

The Russian company Rosoboronexport, has expressed a request for financial assistance to several countries including Algeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UAE to participate in the project for the production of the T-50 ( PAK-FA ) 5th generation fighter aircraft.

In the 1998 Russian financial crisis, Russia defaulted on its internal debt ( GKOs ), but did not default on its external Eurobonds.

Argentina fell into a deep recession in the second half of 1998, triggered and then compounded by a series of adverse external shocks, which included low prices for agricultural commodities, the appreciation of the US dollar, to which the peso was pegged at par, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, the LTCM crisis and the devaluation of the Brazilian real in January 1999.

This oath however did not alleviate concerns regarding loyalty to Russia in time of crisis, especially since nearly 50 % of all military personnel were ethnically Russian at the end of 1992.

But most damaging, the new situation effectively trapped Russian foreign policy: After 1913, Russia could not afford losing its last ally in this crucial area and thus had no alternatives but to unconditionally support Serbia when the crisis between Serbia and Austria broke out in 1914.

The first important frontier dispute was the Panjdeh crisis of 1885, precipitated by Russian encroachment into Central Asia.

In the aftermath of the 1917 – 18 crisis and civil war, Finland passed from Russian rule to the German Empire's sphere of power.

The Russification of Finland and the crisis of governmental leadership in the country, following the 1899 imperial order, was the result of a collision between the ideologies of peripheral authority ( the Grand Duchy as a state of the Russian empire but a separate part of the Russian governmental system ) and central power ( an undivided Russia dominated by Saint Petersburg ).

The immediate reason for the collapse of the Russian Empire was a domestic crisis precipitated by military defeats in the war against Germany and by war-weariness among the Russian people.

That conflict reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dissolve the parliament and called for new legislative elections ( see Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 ).

Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov () ( born November 22, 1942 ) is a Russian economist and politician of Chechen descent who played a central role in the events leading to the 1993 constitutional crisis in the Russian Federation.

Among other factors, the escalating clash of egos between Khasbulatov and Yeltsin led to the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, in which Khasbulatov ( along with former Vice-President Aleksandr Rutskoy ) led the Russian Supreme Soviet in its power struggle with the president, which ended with Yeltsin's violent assault on and subsequent dissolution of the parliament in October 1993.

* 1993 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspends parliament and scraps the then-functioning constitution, thus triggering the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993.

During the 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis, it is theorized that a multitude of hand-held thermobaric weapons were used by the Russian Armed Forces in their efforts to retake the school.

The Russian Government later admitted to the use of the RPO-A during the crisis.

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

Oil refining survived the shocks of the 1990s because of a continuing export market and the purchase of the Burgas refinery by the Russian oil giant LUKoil.

In spite of a gradual decrease during the 1980s, the city's population began to grow once again with the beginning of the Russian immigration in the 1990s.

* Bank of New York: US $ 7 billion of Russian capital flight laundered through accounts controlled by bank executives, late 1990s

* Nauru: US $ 70 billion of Russian capital flight laundered through unregulated Nauru offshore shell banks, late 1990s

During the 1990s, the Russian Stechkin APS was once again put into service, as a weapon for VIP bodyguards and for anti-terrorist hostage rescue teams that needed the capability for full automatic fire in emergencies.

The Novichok ( Russian for " newcomer ") agents are a series of organophosphate compounds that were developed in the Soviet Union from the mid 1960s to the 1990s.

Since the Chechen separatists had declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and the Russian military.

FC Volgograd and FC Rotor Volgograd are both Russian Second Division association football clubs, having been relegated after being in the Russian Premier League in the early 1990s.

Some 100-200 engines completed their mission on Soviet and Russian satellites until the late 1990s.

Advanced systems were later developed and built for special military purposes, such as to find H-Bombs lost at sea or to find a lost Russian submarine, at the Westinghouse facility in Annapolis up through the 1990s.

While the supply shortages of consumer goods characteristic of the 1980s went away ( see Consumer goods in the Soviet Union ), this was not only related to the opening of Russia's market to imports in the early 1990s but also to the impoverishment of the Russian people in the 1990s.

Russian voters, able to vote for opposition parties in the 1990s, often rejected economic reforms and yearned for the stability and personal security of the Soviet era.

A constant theme of Russian history in the 1990s was the conflict between economic reformers and those hostile to the new capitalism.

The new capitalist opportunities presented by the opening of the Russian economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s affected many people's interests.

Examples of satellite constellations include the Global Positioning System ( GPS ), Galileo and GLONASS constellations for navigation and geodesy, the Iridium and Globalstar satellite telephony services, the Disaster Monitoring Constellation and RapidEye for remote sensing, the Orbcomm messaging service, Russian elliptic orbit Molniya and Tundra constellations, the large-scale Teledesic and Skybridge broadband constellation proposals of the 1990s, and the proposed LEO global backhaul constellation named COMMStellation ™.

In the 1990s he formulated the strategic case for buttressing the independent statehood of Ukraine, partially as a means to ending a resurgence of the Russian Empire, and to drive Russia toward integration with the West, promoting instead " geopolitical pluralism " in the space of the former Soviet Union.

Both the European Union and the Council of Europe, as well as the Russian government, expressed their concern during the 1990s about minority rights in several countries, most notably Latvia and Estonia.

During the 1990s, it assembled Ikarus buses for the Russian market.

Detective stories and thrillers have proven a very successful genre of new Russian literature: in the 1990s serial detective novels by Alexandra Marinina, Polina Dashkova and Darya Dontsova were published in millions of copies.

By the late 1990s, planning for four different stations were underway: the American Freedom, the Soviet / Russian Mir-2, the European Columbus, and the Japanese Kibō.

Although not exactly equivalent to the English definition, the term " Контркультура " ( Kontrkul ' tura, " Counterculture ") became common in Russian to define a 1990s cultural movement that promoted acting outside of cultural conventions: the use of explicit language ; graphical descriptions of sex, violence and illicit activities ; and uncopyrighted use of " safe " characters involved in such activities.