Historically, in Europe, Walahfrid Strabo ( 808 – 849 ), abbot and poet from Reichenau, advisor to the Carolingian kings, discussed it in his Latin Hortulus as one of the 23 plants of an ideal garden.

According to Strabo she was sometimes known as Cleopatra Kokke when discussed in relation to her son Ptolemy X.

A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( r. 161 – 180 CE ) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( r. 146 – 168 CE ) in 166 CE, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants.

The Later Han Dynasty Chinese chronicle, the Hou Hanshu, 88 ( covering the period 25 – 220 and completed in the 5th century ), mentioned a report that the steppe land Yancai was now known as Alanliao ( 阿蘭聊 ):

Some say that the Chinese Emperor Wu became interested in developing commercial relationships with the sophisticated urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthian Empire: " The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: Ferghana ( Dayuan ) and the possessions of Bactria ( Ta-Hsia ) and Parthian Empire ( Anxi ) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China " ( Hou Hanshu, Later Han History ).

" ( Hou Hanshu, Later Han History ).

This event was recorded in the Hou Han Shu compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century.

The Book of the Later Han, Hou Hanshu, states that general Ban Chao fought battles near Khotan with a Kushan army of 70, 000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie ( Chinese: 謝 ) in 90 CE.

The date of this activity is known since the ash expulsion was sufficiently large to turn the sky red over Rome and China ( as documented in Hou Han Shu ).

Over a century later, the tutor of the Analects to Emperor Cheng of Han, Zhang Yu ( d. 5 BC ), synthesized the Lu and Qi versions by taking the Lu version as authoritative and selectively adding sections from the Qi version, and produced a composite text of the Analects known as the " Zhang Hou Lun ".

432 Book of Later Han ( Hou Han Shu 後漢書 ) says " The King of Great Wa resides in the country of Yamadai " ( tr.

The Dayuan were identified by the Chinese as unusual in features, with a sophisticated urban civilization, similar to that of the Bactrians and Parthians: " The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: Ferghana ( Dayuan ) and the possessions of Bactria and Parthia are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China " ( Hou Han Shu ).

* Hou Han Shu Chapter eighty nine Nan Xiong Nu Lie Zhuan

( According to Hou Han Shu, while much younger, when Liu Xiu was visiting the capital Chang ' an, he became impressed with the mayor of the capital ( zhijinwu, 執金吾 ) and, already impressed by Yin's beauty, he made the remarks: " If I were to be an official, I want to be zhijinwu ; if I were to marry, I want to marry Yin Lihua ".

* Hou Han Shu by Fan Ye, vol.

* Accounts of Daqin in the Chinese history of the Later Han Hou Hanshu

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According to ' The Chapter on the Western Regions ' of the Hou Hanshu ( Book of Later Han ), which was based on a report to the Emperor c. 125, but was not compiled until the 5th century:

The Hou Hanshu ( Book of the Later Han, covering 6 to 189 CE ) says:

In this role, the Hou Han Shu states that " the masters of the capital respected him and his name weighed heavily at the imperial court.

It provides dates of his appointments and death not found in his official biography in Hou Han Shu and is the earliest known example of a monumental stele in China.

The edict, which survives in the Hou Han Shu shows that at the time Buddha was associated in the opinion of the Chinese imperial court with Daoism.

Descriptions in the Hou Hanshu (' History of the Later Han ') contain some rare insights into the complex political situations China faced in attempting to open up the " Silk Routes " to the West in the 1st century CE.

The Hou Hanshu ( History of the Later Han Chinese dynasty ) recounted the first of several Roman embassies to China sent out by a Roman Emperor, probably Marcus Aurelius judging by the arrival date of 166 ( Antoninus Pius is another possibility, but he died in 161.

In the Chinese Yuejueshu ( Lost Records of the State of Yue ) written by the later Han Dynasty author Yuan Kang in the year 52 AD, Wu Zixu ( 526 BC-484 BC ) purportedly discussed different ship types with King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC-496 BC ) while explaining military preparedness.

Han had already heard of Kong Xiu's fate, so he discussed with his deputy Meng Tan ( 孟坦 ) on how to deal with Guan.