In 1939, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed the Atanasoff – Berry Computer ( ABC ), The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer.

At Iowa State, he was an early user of John Vincent Atanasoff's Atanasoff-Berry Computer ( maybe the first user of an electronic digital computer for real world production mathematics problem solutions ).

* John Gustafson, Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer

1997 replica of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer at Buildings of Iowa State University # D | Durham Center, Iowa State University

ENIAC's registers performed decimal arithmetic, rather than binary arithmetic like the Z3 or the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.

We accomplish this by compiling a list of text forms as text is read by the computer.

A location in the computer store is also named for each marked form ; ;

For this step the computer memory is separated into three regions: cells in the W-region are used for storage of the forms in the text-form list ; ;

It appears in a form that is admirably suited to the powers of the digital computer.

The set of equations ( 5 ), ( 6 ), and the starting equation ( 7 ) is of a recursive type well suited to programming on the digital computer.

This is not wholly a reasoning process -- a computer cannot do it all -- and even in an Angel it takes time.

The albedo is an important concept in climatology and astronomy, as well as in calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable rating systems for buildings, computer graphics and computer vision.

The effect is sensitive to subtle cues such as people being more helpful when there were stylized eyespots instead of a logo on a computer screen.

This type of presentation is usually accomplished with a camera and a projector or a computer viewing screen which can rapidly cycle through images in a sequence.

A new computer program is used to create the most comfortable and useful prosthetics.

It is worth mentioning that the Nepōhualtzintzin amounted to the rank from 10 to the 18 in floating point, which calculated stellar as well as infinitesimal amounts with absolute precision, meant that no round off was allowed, when translated into modern computer arithmetic.

With the development of fast Internet in the last part of the 20th century along with advances in computer controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras ' Remote Telescope ' astronomy is now a viable means for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in research and deep sky imaging.

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( originating from al-Khwārizmī, the famous Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

In computer systems, an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended " target " computer ( s ), in order for the target machines to produce output from given input ( perhaps null ).

Computers ( and computors ), models of computation: A computer ( or human " computor ") is a restricted type of machine, a " discrete deterministic mechanical device " that blindly follows its instructions.

Simulation of an algorithm: computer ( computor ) language: Knuth advises the reader that " the best way to learn an algorithm is to try it.

This means that the programmer must know a " language " that is effective relative to the target computing agent ( computer / computor ).

Written in prose but much closer to the high-level language of a computer program, the following is the more formal coding of the algorithm in pseudocode or pidgin code:

* Static code analysis – the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

In the field of computer graphics, an anisotropic surface will change in appearance as it is rotated about its geometric normal, as is the case with velvet.

The modern computer programming language Ada is named in her honour.

He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

At that time, the ENIAC was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U. S. District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff ( see Patent dispute ).

Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet.

While many of these systems involve cars permanently attached to the cable, the system developed by Poma-Otis, a company formed by the merger of the cable car interests of the Pomagalski ski lift company and the Otis Elevator Company, allows the car to be decoupled from the cable under computer control, and can thus be considered a modern interpretation of the cable car.

Edson de Castro was the Product Manager at Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) of their pioneering PDP-8, a 12-bit computer generally considered by most to be the first true minicomputer.

Sometimes certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in their own right.

Another example from computer science is that an expert system may be taught by a human and thereafter considered an expert, often outperforming human beings at particular tasks.

The Bad Times computer virus warning is generally considered to be a spoof of the Good Times warning.

To be considered a ' hack ' was an honour among like-minded peers as " to qualify as a hack, the feat must be imbued with innovation, style and technical virtuosity " ( Levy, 1984 p. 10 ) The MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club Dictionary defined hack in 1959 ( not yet in a computer context ) as " 1 ) an article or project without constructive end ; 2 ) a project undertaken on bad self-advice ; 3 ) an entropy booster ; 4 ) to produce, or attempt to produce, a hack ( 3 ).

Although considered " small and primitive " by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer.

Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer.

Artificial intelligence ( AI ) computer programs of the 1960s and 1970s intrinsically required what was then considered a huge amount of computer power, as measured in processor time and memory space.

But as integrated circuit technology shrank the size and cost of computers in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the memory requirements of AI programs started to exceed the address space of the most common research computer, the DEC PDP-10, researchers considered a new approach: a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs, and tailored to the semantics of the Lisp programming language.

" As observers like Tim Oren have pointed out, the memex could be considered to be a microfilm-based precursor to the personal computer.

This is considered to be a general property of simulations of NTMs by DTMs ; the most famous unresolved question in computer science, the P = NP problem, is related to this issue.

Intellectual property-non-corporeal things like ideas, plans, orderings and arrangements ( musical compositions, novels, computer programs )-are generally considered valid property to those who support an effort justification, but invalid to those who support a scarcity justification, since they don't have the exclusivity property ( however they may still support other ' intellectual property '- laws such as Copyright, as long as these are a subject of contract instead of government arbitration ).

Most electronically processed data storage media ( including some forms of computer data storage ) are considered permanent ( non-volatile ) storage, that is, the data will remain stored when power is removed from the device.

Dozens of research papers are presented each year, and SIGGRAPH is widely considered the most prestigious forum for the publication of computer graphics research.