Together they illustrate every aspect of the cultures of the Nile Valley ( including Nubia ), from the Predynastic Neolithic period ( c. 10, 000 BC ) through to the Coptic ( Christian ) times ( 12th century AD ), a time-span over 11, 000 years.

Pope Cyril IV established very friendly relations with other denominations, to the extent that when the Greek Patriarch in Egypt had to absent himself for a long period of time outside the country, he left his Church under the guidance of the Coptic Patriarch.

She writes that only three fragmentary manuscripts are known to have survived into the modern period, two 3rd-century fragments ( P. Rylands 463 and P. Oxyrhynchus 3525 ) published in 1938 and 1983, and a longer 5th-century Coptic translation ( Berolinensis Gnosticus 8052, 1 ) published in 1955.

It is usually the first day of the year in the Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar ( in the period AD 1900 to AD 2099 ).

* 641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.

* The Coptic period is said to have started in the 3rd century.

The swastika is also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period.

They date to the medieval Islamic period, when Coptic was still spoken.

The Coptic alphabet has a long history, going back to the Hellenistic period, of using the Greek alphabet to transcribe Demotic texts, with the aim of recording the correct pronunciation of Demotic.

Monophysitism's theological point of view is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, but was widely accepted in Syria, Egypt and the Levant, leading to many tensions in the Coptic period of the Byzantine Empire.

Mummy portraits or Fayum mummy portraits ( also Faiyum mummy portraits ) is the modern term given to a type of naturalistic painted portraits on wooden boards attached to mummies from the Coptic period.

While painted Cartonnage mummy cases date back to pharaonic times, the Faiyum mummy portraits were an innovation dating to the Coptic period on time of the Roman occupation of Egypt .< ref > Berman, Lawrence, Freed, Rita E., and Doxey, Denise.

Also dating from the same period are the Syriac, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ethiopic and Georgian translations.

Radio carbon dating of the bone fragments that were found place them at an even later date, from the Coptic period in the first centuries AD .< ref > Boughton, Paul " Menkaura's Anthropoid Coffin: A Case of Mistaken Identity?

Glass production, for example, remained a Jewish speciality throughout the period, and Christian art, as in Coptic Egypt continued, especially during the earlier centuries, keeping some contacts with Europe.

Hundreds of these Elephantine papyri, written in hieratic and Demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Greek, Latin and Coptic, span a period of 1000 years.

Another development of this period was the development of Coptic, a form of the Ancient Egyptian language written with the Greek alphabet supplemented by several signs to represent sounds present in Egyptian which were not present in Greek.

This same period saw Melkite Makuria absorb the Coptic Nobatia, and historians have long wondered why the conquering state adopted the religion of its rival.

The subsequent decline during this period of the Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian church holdings in the city were also part of this sequence of events that deprived the Monophysite churches of powerful nation-state backers.

Ritual blowing occurs in the liturgies of catechumenate and baptism from a very early period and survives into the modern Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Maronite, and Coptic rites .< ref > Alongside Martène and Suntrup ( cited above ), convenient collections of illustrative material include W. G. Henderson, ed., < cite > Manuale et Processionale ad usum insignis Ecclesiae Eboracensis ,</ cite > Surtees Society Publications 63 ( Durham, 1875 for 1874 ), especially Appendix III " Ordines Baptismi " below as < cite > York Manual </ cite >; Joseph Aloysius Assemanus, < cite > Codex liturgicus ecclesiae universae, I: De Catechumenis </ cite > and < cite > II: De Baptismo </ cite > ( Rome, 1749 ; reprinted Paris and Leipzig, 1902 ); J. M. Neale, ed., < cite > The Ancient Liturgies of the Gallican Church ... together with Parallel Passages from the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic Rites </ cite > ( London, 1855 ; rpt.

Abusir (; Egyptian pr wsjr ; Coptic: busiri, the House or Temple of Osiris ; Greek: ; ) is the name given to an Egyptian archaeological locality – specifically, an extensive necropolis of the Old Kingdom period, together with later additions – in the vicinity of the modern capital Cairo.

During these decades the main temple was cleared, a large number of Coptic period buildings removed and the site made accessible to visitors.

It is also situated at the nucleus of Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine church in the late 4th century.

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria regards itself as having been misunderstood at the Council of Chalcedon.

On October 4, 2011, military and police squads used force late at night to disperse hundreds of angry Coptic demonstrators and their supporters who were attempting to stage a sit-in outside the Maspero TV headquarters in downtown Cairo to protest attacks on a Christian church in Upper Egypt.

File: St Barbara Church interior. jpg | Iconostasis at Saint Barbara Church, Coptic Cairo, Egypt

* Coptic Church History at www. St-Takla. org

Prime Minister of the Gold Coast ( British colony ) | Gold Coast Dr. Kwame Nkrumah with Egyptian Egyptology | Egyptologist Pahor Labib at the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt, in 1956.

* Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity.

* The Great Lent & The Holy Paskha — Coptic articles and hymns at http :// St-Takla. org

* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century

Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( Met Remenkēmi ) is the current stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.

The eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire were created mainly at one Coptic monastery, at Abou Gerbe monastery on Mount Ghebel Eter.

He went on to publish the illustrated Pyramidographia in 1646, while the Jesuit scientist-priest Athanasius Kircher was perhaps the first to hint at the phonetic importance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, demonstrating Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, for which he is considered a " founder " of Egyptology.

The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and one intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 days in length, except in leap years when the month is 6 days.

St. Mary's Coptic Orthodox Church of Minnesota originated in the early 1960s at the urging of Bishop Samuel, who annually visited Coptic student groups at various American universities.

At that time, approximately ten Coptic graduate students, some with families, at the University of Minnesota met for Christian worship.

* In Egypt, the rise in extremist Islamist groups such as the Gama ' at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by attacks on Copts and on Coptic churches ; these have since declined with the decline of those organizations, but still continue.

The manuscript of the Coptic text ( CG II ), found in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, is dated at around 340.

After the Coptic version of the complete text was discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, scholars soon realized that three different Greek text fragments previously found at Oxyrhynchus, also in Egypt, were part of the Gospel of Thomas.

In 1998, the Eritrean Church gained its autocephelacy from the Coptic Orthodox Church when its first Patriarch was enthroned by Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria.

The Coptic Orthodox Church uses the Julian Calendar as its Ecclesiastical Calendar.

* More Information on the Coptic Church, its Beliefs, Practices, and Liturgical Life

To its rear, within a chapel constructed of iron latticework upon a stone base semicircular in plan, lies the altar used by the Coptic Orthodox.

On a hot summer day in 2002, a Coptic monk moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade.

The doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds ; those which, externally, were cased with sheets of bronze or iron, cut out in decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in relief ; and those in wood, which were framed with interlaced designs of the square and diamond, this latter description of work being Coptic in its origin.

In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, he is commemorated, according to its Synaxarium, on the 24th of the Coptic Month of Kiahk ( which currently falls on January 2, but is equivalent to December 20 in the Gregorian Calendar due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian Calendar offset ).

* The church of Nubia transfers its allegiance from the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Coptic Church.

Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

Yet Coptic reborrowed some words of ancient Egyptian origin back into its lexicon via Greek.

It is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained to a greater extent its indigenous Egyptian character, which is sometimes reflected in Coptic non-religious documents such as letters and contracts.

Coptic provides the clearest indication of Later Egyptian phonology thanks to its writing system, which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress pattern.

It bent its efforts to the Coptic Church, the Ethiopian Church, and India, especially Kerala ; it continues to this day.

The Old Nubian alphabet — used to write Old Nubian, a Nilo-Saharan language — is written mainly in an uncial Greek alphabet, which borrows Coptic and Meroitic letters of Demotic origin into its inventory.

The Greek alphabet ( and by extension its descendants such as the Latin, the Cyrillic and the Coptic ), was a direct successor of Phoenician, though certain letter values were changed to represent vowels.

The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each.

In November 2008, several thousand Muslims attacked a Coptic church in a suburb of Cairo on the day of its inauguration, forcing 800 Coptic Christians to barricade themselves in.

Sometimes the notion might stretch to ( ii ) Society-as-such, as in ( e. g. ) " the knowledge possessed by the Coptic culture " ( as opposed to its individual members ), but that was not assured either.

Historically, it represents a schism from the Coptic Orthodox Church, its adherents having left the Orthodox church to enter into communion with the Bishop of Rome.