The chief centres of Erasmus's activity were Paris, Leuven ( in the Duchy of Brabant ), England, and Basel ; yet he never belonged firmly in any one of these places.

Most of the county's territory became part of an independent Belgium in 1830, and during the 19th and 20th centuries, it became increasingly commonplace to refer to the entire Dutch-speaking and northern part of Belgium as " Flanders ", including the Belgian parts of the Duchy of Brabant and Limburg.

Now, Flanders extends over the northern part of Belgium, including the Belgian parts of the Duchy of Brabant and Limburg.

An important centre of learning and training for Irish priests developed in Leuven ( Lúbhan in Irish and Louvain historically in English ) in the Duchy of Brabant, now in Flanders ( northern Belgium ).

Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign ; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces.

An 11th century reliquary of gold and cloisonné over wood, from the Duchy of Brabant, Maastricht Cathedral, now housed in the Louvre.

* Duchy of Brabant ( see also Duke of Brabant )

Bosch was born and lived all his life in and near, a city in the Duchy of Brabant.

A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the northern County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant were constantly fierce but worthy competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs.

* the Duchy of Brabant

His descendants would from 1235 onwards become the Dukes of Brabant and the region itself was the northern part of the Duchy of Brabant.

In the 12th and 13th century, Guelders quickly expanded downstream along the sides of the Maas, Rhine, and IJssel rivers and even claimed the succession in the Duchy of Limburg, until it lost the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Berg and Brabant.

* Duchy of Brabant

The history of Brabant can be found at the Duchy of Brabant article ; see also Duke of Brabant.

# the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux

In later years the county of Zutphen became a part of the Duchy of Guelders, and the Duchy of Limburg was dependent on the Duchy of Brabant.

A map of the European Spanish Empire after the Battle of Mühlberg ( 1547 ) as depicted in the Cambridge Modern History | Cambridge Modern History Atlas ( 1912 )-Habsburg lands are shaded greenBy the mid-16th century, the Margraviate of Antwerp ( Duchy of Brabant ) had become the economic, political, and cultural center of the Netherlands after its capital had shifted from the nearby Lordship of Mechelen to the city of Brussels.

* Duchy of Limburg ( 1839 – 1867 ), duchy in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands

The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly independent duchy occupying the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d ' Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula.

Elisabeth Farnese's ambitions were realized at the conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 when the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, already occupied by Spanish troops, were ceded by Austria to her second son, Philip, and combined with the former Gonzaga duchy of Guastalla.

Before the French revolution, prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was the capital of the duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes.

The Duchy of Upper Lorraine (, ; ) was an historical duchy roughly corresponding with the present-day northeastern Lorraine region of France, including parts of modern Luxembourg and Germany.

After the duchy of the Moselle came into the possession of René of Anjou the name " Duchy of Lorraine " was adopted again, only retrospectively called " Upper Lorraine ".

The Austrian Empire reorganized the territory in 1849 as a duchy and a Cisleithanian crownland in Austria-Hungary known as the Duchy of Carniola.

By the Treaty of Vienna ( November 1738 ), Stanisław was compensated for the loss of his Polish throne with the duchy of Lorraine, which would eventually pass to King Louis as his son-in-law, while Duke Francis III of Lorraine was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as compensation for the loss of Lorraine.

Similarly, the British Sovereign rules and owns the Duchy of Lancaster as both Sovereign and Duke of Lancaster, with the income of the duchy estates providing the Sovereign's Privy Purse.

* the Duchy of Athens, to which the duchy of Neopatras was later linked

This alliance emboldened William to challenge Emperor Charles V's claim to Guelders, but the French, mightily engaged on multiple fronts as they were in the long struggle to against the Habsburg " encirclement " of France, proved less reliable than the Duke's ambitions required, and he was unable to hold on to the duchy ; in 1543, by the terms of the Treaty of Venlo, Duke William conceded the Duchy of Guelders to the Emperor.

The bulk of Pomerania was however made an independent Pomeranian bishopric, set up in the territory of the Duchy of Pomerania in 1140, after Bolesław had died in 1138 and the duchy had broken away from Poland.

Victor Amadeus had his eye on the Duchy of Milan which, having signed a treaty with Louis XIV, had support in conquering the duchy.

Dagobert created a new duchy ( the later Duchy of Alsace ) in southwest Austrasia to guard the region from Burgundian or Alemannic encroachments and ambitions.

The Duchy of Opole was split and in 1281 Bitom became a separate duchy, since 1289 under overlordship and administration by the Kingdom of Bohemia.

Opole would became a duchy in 1172 and would share much in common with the Duchy of Racibórz, with which it was often combined.

The Duchy of Carinthia (; ) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia.

At the same time Emperor Otto II took the occasion to create a sixth duchy beside the original stem duchies, the new Duchy of Carinthia.

The Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in England and was established by royal charter in 1337.

Though the town of Ratzeburg was part of the Ratzeburg diocese, the town itself was not within the territory of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg, but formed a part of the old Duchy of Saxony and became part of its dynastic partition of Saxe-Lauenburg around 1296, remaining with this duchy under altering dynasties until 1876.

It has been a grand duchy since 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, William I. Luxembourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands crown until 1890 when William III, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir, so that in the Netherlands he was succeeded by his daughter Wilhelmina and, in the Luxembourgish Grand Duchy, by a distant male cousin, Duke Adolf of Nassau who became HRH Grand Duke Adolphe — an arrangement necessitated by Salic law being applicable to Luxembourg but not to the Netherlands.

As a result, the 19th century saw a new group of monarchies titled grand duchy around Central Europe, such as the Grand Duchy of Hesse.

The term " grand duchy " is often, but incorrectly, used in reference to the Duchy of Warsaw ( 1807-1813 ), which was in fact a duchy and not a grand duchy.

* Duchy of Limburg ( 1065-1794 ), a state in the Holy Roman Empire

In 1701 the title of King in Prussia was granted, without the Duchy of Prussia being elevated to a Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire.

After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

* Duchy of Limburg ( 1065 – 1794 ), a state in the Holy Roman Empire

The primary division was between the French and the Imperials ( the followers of the Holy Roman Emperor ), the Imperials wishing to see the Council of Trent reconvened, the French wishing to see it dropped ; a further bone of contention was the Duchy of Parma, for which both the Emperor and the Farnese had claimants.

Matilda had been married to Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, which gave her the title of Empress, but her husband died in 1125 and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey, the Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy.

After the death of Henry II ( 3 July 1024 ), Stephen broke with the German alliance, because the new Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II claimed supremacy over the Kingdom of Hungary, while Stephen demanded the Duchy of Bavaria for his son Emeric who was the nearest relative of the deceased Emperor Henry II ( who himself had been the last male descendant of the old dukes of Bavaria ).

The war was fought primarily by forces supporting the unification – the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France, and the Electorate of Bavaria, together known as the Two Crowns – against those opposing unification – the so-called Grand Alliance among the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy.

* Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives Duchy of Carinthia in return.

In the 12th century, Mecklenburg and Vorpommern were conquered by Henry the Lion and incorporated into the Duchy of Saxony, joining the Holy Roman Empire in the 1180s.

As the treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had his borders secured in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan.

The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 CE when it was part of the Duchy of Bavaria and a component of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 – 1806 ) which was dominated by the Austrian House of Habsburg from 1273 to 1806 when the empire came to an end.

* The Duchy of Milan is created after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, the Holy Roman Emperor.

George I ( George Louis ; ; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698.

The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however ; the region that was to become Alsace fell to the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Duchy of Swabia in the Treaty of Meersen in 870.

At the end of the 15th century in 1486, Regensburg became part of the Duchy of Bavaria, but its independence was restored by the Holy Roman Emperor ten years later.

Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, Braunschweig was de facto ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians and the guilds throughout much of the Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period.

Ercole died in 1803 and Breisgau passed to his daughter and her husband, who then ( 1806 ) lost it during the Napoleonic reorganization of the western territories of the defunct Holy Roman Empire to the enlarged and elevated Grand Duchy of Baden.

Victor Emmanuel II, by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, Count of Maurienne, Marquis ( of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy ; Prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino ; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire ; Prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo ( Saluces ), Ivrea, Susa, del Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero e Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane e Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant ' Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11 / 12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara.

When she married Maximilian I of Habsburg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the provinces were acquired by the House of Habsburg in 1482, with the exception of the Duchy of Burgundy itself, which, with an appeal to Salic law, had been reabsorbed into France upon the death of Mary's father, Charles the Bold.

Maximilian's grandson, Charles V of Habsburg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, eventually united all seventeen provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders, in 1543.

After the Dukes of Cieszyn had become vassals of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and the Duchy of Oświęcim was sold to the Polish Crown in 1457, the Biała River for centuries marked the border between the Bohemian crown land of Silesia within the Holy Roman Empire and the Lesser Polish region of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Along with most of Silesia, in 1327 the Duchy of Opole came under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Bohemia, itself part of the Holy Roman Empire.