Although it aimed at accelerating trials and making them fair, the Hikitsuke tended to make rough-and-ready decisions in the late Kamakura period.

The Muromachi shogunate took over the system of Hikitsuke, but it lost its substantial meaning after Ashikaga Tadayoshi died, who controlled the Hikitsuke.

The Hikitsuke was established by fifth shikken Hōjō Tokiyori in 1249 to expedite an increasing number of lawsuits.

In 1249 he set up the legal system of Hikitsuke or High Court.

The Hikitsuke ( 引付 lit.

At first the Hikitsuke just drafted several verdicts after hearings and submitted them to the Hyojoshu.

Submitting only one verdict per lawsuit, the Hikitsuke later became a de facto full law court.

1993-1994: In the first year of its existence, the Tribunal laid the foundations for its existence as a judicial organ.

* Consulate of the Sea, a Spanish medieval judicial organ

In 1467 the Tribunale della Mercanzia, the judicial organ of the Guilds in Florence, commissioned from Verrocchio a bronze group portraying Christ and St. Thomas for the centre tabernacle, which the Tribunale had recently purchased, on the east facade of Orsanmichele to replace a statue of St Louis of Toulouse, which had been removed.

Communist states do not have a separation of powers ; instead, they have one national legislative body ( such as the Supreme Soviet in the Soviet Union ) which is considered the highest organ of state power and which is legally superior to the executive and judicial branches of government.

The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations.

The Court of Justice of the African Union is intended to be the “ principal judicial organ of the Union ” ( Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2. 2 ).

Both SARs have separate judicial systems, but the National People's Congress ( NPC ) is still the highest legal organ.

The major judicial organ, the Board of Coadjutors, decided on all land dispute cases and quarrels involving inheritance.

The Judicial Yuan () is one of five branches of the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan and serves as the highest judicial organ in the Republic of China.

The highest judicial organ at the federal level was the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia.

In later years, the Governing Senate took on an important role in administration and law, and by the late nineteenth century it had evolved into the highest judicial organ in Russia, with all officials and legal institutions under its control.

In 1946, with the birth of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice was established as her principal judicial organ.

These two fractions battled over two resolutions of the Executive Committee: one against Soviet Russia for its judicial action against the Socialist Revolutionaries and other political opponents of the regime, and a second directed against the Workers Party of America and its Yiddish language organ, the Morgen Freiheit ( Morning Freedom ).

Technically, the judiciary became independent, and the Supreme People's Court became the highest judicial organ of the state.

In 1951, Dixon was appointed a member of the Privy Council, the English judicial organ which, at that stage, was the final court of appeal in Australian legal matters.

In his view, an advisory opinion derives its status and authority from the fact that it is the official pronouncement of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

The African Court of Justice was originally intended to be the “ principal judicial organ of the Union ” ( Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2. 2 ) with authority to rule on disputes over interpretation of AU treaties.

The Signoria of Florence was the highest executive organ, while the Signoria of the Republic of Venice was mainly a judicial body.

In 1225 the third regent Hōjō Yasutoki established the Council of State, providing opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority at Kamakura.

In 1225 the third regent Hōjō Yasutoki established the Council of State, providing opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority at Kamakura.

was the post of the chiefs of the Kamakura shogunate in Kyoto whose agency kept responsibility for security in Kinai and judicial affairs on western Japan, and negotiated with the imperial court.

enquiry ) or Hikitsuke-kata ( 引付方 ) ( High Court ) was one of judicial organs of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan.

Since then, many jurisdictions have been swayed by Justice Traynor's arguments on behalf of the strict liability rule in Escola, Greenman, and subsequent cases — including nearly all U. S. states, the European Union, Australia, and Japan — and have adopted it either by judicial decision or by legislative act.

In Japan, the word is used to refer to legal professions such as judicial scriveners and administrative scriveners.

In 2001, government-run leper colonies in Japan came under judicial scrutiny, leading to the determination that the Japanese government had mistreated the patients, and the District Court ordered Japan to pay compensation to former patients.

In the civil law system of Japan, judicial precedent provides non-binding guidance on how laws should be interpreted in practice.

Lay assessor is also used alternatively with " lay judges " as the English term for laymen participating in judging in courts within the judicial system of Sweden () and in Japan ( 裁判員, read " saiban-in ").

Only 7 % of the participants passed the exam, but this result was considered reasonable in comparison with rates in judicial exams in Japan and Hong Kong.

The 14 September, 2008, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy ( PERC ) survey reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia, with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst: Hong Kong's judicial system scored 1. 45 on the scale ( zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst ); Singapore with a grade of 1. 92, followed by Japan ( 3. 50 ), South Korea ( 4. 62 ), Republic of China on Taiwan ( 4. 93 ), the Philippines ( 6. 10 ), Malaysia ( 6. 47 ), India ( 6. 50 ), Thailand ( 7. 00 ), People's Republic of China ( 7. 25 ), Vietnam's ( 8. 10 ) and Indonesia ( 8. 26 ).

The 14 September, 2008, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy survey reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia, with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst: Hong Kong's judicial system scored 1. 45 on the scale ( zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst ); Singapore with a grade of 1. 92, followed by Japan ( 3. 50 ), South Korea ( 4. 62 ), Taiwan ( 4. 93 ), the Philippines ( 6. 10 ), Malaysia ( 6. 47 ), India ( 6. 50 ), Thailand ( 7. 00 ), China ( 7. 25 ), Vietnam's ( 8. 10 ) and Indonesia ( 8. 26 ).

The 14 September 2008 Political and Economic Risk Consultancy ( PERC ) survey reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia, with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst: Hong Kong's judicial system scored 1. 45 on the scale ( zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst ); Singapore with a grade of 1. 92, followed by Japan ( 3. 50 ), South Korea ( 4. 62 ), Taiwan ( 4. 93 ), the Philippines ( 6. 10 ), Malaysia ( 6. 47 ), India ( 6. 50 ), Thailand ( 7. 00 ), China ( 7. 25 ), Vietnam's ( 8. 10 ) and Indonesia ( 8. 26 ).

The, established in 1634, was the judicial council in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate.

Obviously, the goal here proposed is the guiding principle in Mr. Justice Frankfurter's opinions -- to the extent that Congress leaves the problem to judicial discretion.

Subject to certain constitutional restraints in favor of fair trials, each level of government is free to devise its own judicial procedures.

It is an issue which may well reach the Supreme Court of the United States before judicial finality is achieved.

The fundamental difficulty of which the Selden case was `` a striking ( though not singular ) example '', concluded Hough, `` will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present, and responsible for the maintenance of discipline, and the reception or exclusion of testimony ''.

The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice in order to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.

It is distinguished from judicial review, which refers to the court's overriding constitutional or statutory right to determine if a legislative act or administrative decision is defective for jurisdictional or other reasons ( which may vary by jurisdiction ).

A trial de novo is usually available for review of informal proceedings conducted by some minor judicial tribunals in proceedings that do not provide all the procedural attributes of a formal judicial trial.

If an affidavit is notarized or authenticated, it will also include a caption with a venue and title in reference to judicial proceedings.

In some jurisdictions such as Singapore, judicial corporal punishment is part of the legal system.

The scope of judicial review may be limited to certain questions of fairness, or whether the administrative action is ultra vires.

This power is seen as fundamental to the power of judicial review and an aspect of the independent judiciary.

There is however a single General Administrative Law Act (" Algemene wet bestuursrecht " or Awb ) that applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts.

If administrative appeal is available, no appeal to the judicial system may be made.

In practice arbitration is generally used as a substitute for judicial systems, particularly when the judicial processes are viewed as too slow, expensive or biased.

* California Penal Code Section 158: " Common barratry is the practice of exciting groundless judicial proceedings, and is punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months and by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($ 1, 000 ).

* Revised Code of Washington 9. 12. 010: " Every person who brings on his or her own behalf, or instigates, incites, or encourages another to bring, any false suit at law or in equity in any court of this state, with intent thereby to distress or harass a defendant in the suit, or who serves or sends any paper or document purporting to be or resembling a judicial process, that is not in fact a judicial process, is guilty of a misdemeanor ; and in case the person offending is an attorney, he or she may, in addition thereto be disbarred from practicing law within this state.