The school has been highly influential in setting the agenda for historiography in France and numerous other countries, especially regarding the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasizing social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and for being generally hostile to the class analysis of Marxist historiography.

Another relatively early use of the term in a German-language work was in a book by Fritz Sternberg, a Jewish Marxist political economist who was a refugee from the Third Reich.

However, this political restriction is less confining than it may first appear in that the Marxist historical framework is surprisingly flexible, and a rather simple matter to modify an alternative historical theory to use language that at least does not challenge the Marxist interpretation of history.

As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

Every historian uses one ( or more ) historiographical traditions, for example Marxist, Annales School, " total history ", or political history.

Since real political power belongs to the sole legal party, in certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person.

His Marxist scholarship inspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the 1960s and ' 70s, both in the U. S. and internationally.

In the post-war period, Marcuse was the most explicitly political and left-wing member of the Frankfurt School, continuing to identify himself as a Marxist, a socialist, and a Hegelian.

He has drawn upon his knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

The Libertarian International – founded at the Congress of Saint Imier a few days after the split between Marxist and libertarians at the congress of the Socialist International held in The Hague in 1872 – competed successfully against social democrats and communists alike for the loyalty of anticapitalist activists, revolutionaries, workers, unions and political parties for over fifty years.

Rosa LuxemburgLeft communism ' is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views of Leninism held by the Communist International after its first and during its second congress.

In Marxist philosophy, Leninism is the body of political theory for the democratic organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party, and the achievement of a direct-democracy dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the establishment of socialism.

Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.

In February 1917, for five years, Leninism was the Russian application of Marxist economics and political philosophy, effected and realised by the Bolshevik party, the vanguard party who led the fight for the political independence of the working class.

Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he put forward his socialist political views, calling for revolution against the government ; in one notable article, he proclaimed the need for a " Great Union of the Popular Masses ", but failed to put forward an expressly Marxist analysis of how that revolution should proceed.

It was in the city that he also came across newly translated Marxist literature, further committing him to the revolutionary socialist cause: these included Thomas Kirkup's A History of Socialism, Karl Kautsky's Karl Marx's Ökonomische Lehren and most importantly, Marx and Engels ' political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.

However, the government is still sometimes referred to as Marxist – Leninist — or, more commonly, Stalinist — due to its political and economic structure ( see History of North Korea ).

Young Marxist intellectuals, seeing the failure of their political organizations, began to develop a more democratic approach to politics, opposed to what they saw as the centralised and authoritarian politics of the pre-war leftist parties.

In December 2009, a 96-page report titled Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora, compiled by the Advocates for Human Rights, documented human rights violations against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the Abyssinian Empire under Haile Selassie, the Marxist Derg and the current Ethiopian government of the Ethiopian People ’ s Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ), dominated by members of the Tigray People ’ s Liberation Front ( TPLF ) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20, 000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia.

University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect political correctness to Marxist philosopher Herbert Marcuse.

Some conservative critics claim that political correctness is a Marxist undermining of Western values.

James Chevedden made a written complaint to the Superior General of the Jesuit Order, Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, regarding the promotion of the ideology of the Marxist philosopher, Herbert Marcuse at the 1998 California Jesuit Province Social Pastoral Conference.

* Ideological State Apparatus, a term used by Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser for how society reshapes the individual in its own image

* Rosa Luxemburg ( Polish-Jewish-German Marxist theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary )

* 1918 – Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher ( d. 1990 )

Thinkers most typically linked with Structuralism include anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, the early writings of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the early writings of literary theorist Roland Barthes, and the semiotician Algirdas Greimas.

On April 7, 1979, the Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with the other persons associated with the Autonomist movement, including Oreste Scalzone.

However, by the late 1960s, many of Structuralism's basic tenets came under attack from a new wave of predominantly French intellectuals such as the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the philosopher and social commentator Jacques Derrida, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes.

Socialisme ou Barbarie, led by philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, was a radical Marxist and libertarian socialist group based in France that significantly developed the council communist tradition as well as laying the foundation for autonomism.

Friedrich Engels (; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 ) was a German-English industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

'" He refused to identify himself as a philosopher, historian, structuralist, or Marxist, maintaining that " The main interest in life and work is to become someone else that you were not in the beginning.

On April 7, 1979, Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with other leaders of Autonomia Operaia ( Oreste Scalzone, E. Vesce, A. Del Re, L. Ferrari Bravo, Franco Piperno and others ).

Soviet academics, notably Evald Ilyenkov and Zaid Orudzhev, continued pursuing unorthodox philosophic study of Marxist dialectics ; likewise in the West, notably the philosopher Bertell Ollman at New York University.

In the early 20th century, in the field of international relations, the Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci developed the theory of cultural domination ( an analysis of economic class ) to include social class ; hence, the philosophic and sociologic theory of cultural hegemony analysed the social norms that established the social structures ( social and economic classes ) with which the ruling class establish and exert cultural dominance to impose their Weltanschauung ( world view ) — justifying the social, political, and economic status quo — as natural, inevitable, and beneficial to every social class, rather than as artificial social constructs beneficial solely to the ruling class.

He had become increasingly interested in socialism and Marxism, reading the works of the prominent Marxist theoreticians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as the works of philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, whose ideas on dialectical materialism had been hugely influential on Marxist theory.

There she befriended the Marxist literary critic and philosopher Walter Benjamin, her first husband's cousin.

In 1940, she married the German poet and Marxist philosopher Heinrich Blücher, by then a former member of the Communist Party.

* Hu Qiaomu ( 1912 – 1992 ), Chinese revolutionary, sociologist, Marxist philosopher and prominent politician of People's Republic of China

* Rosa Luxemburg ( 1871 – 1919 )-was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and activist of Polish Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen.

Rosa Luxemburg ( Rosalia Luxemburg, ; 5 March 1871, Zamość, Vistula Land, Russia – 15 January 1919, Berlin, Germany ) was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist of Polish Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen.

Marxist Nobel-Prize-winning existentialist philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre called the trial " a legal lynching which smears with blood a whole nation.

* October 19-Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher ( died 1990 )