The Persians followed up their victory by sending a fleet to re-establish their control over Cyprus, and 200 ships were sent out to counter them under Cimon, who returned from ostracism in 451 BC.

The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC.

In 492 BC, the Persians again conquered Abdera, this time under Darius I.

He also neglected the rise of powerful new enemies, first the Medes, then the Persians under Cyrus the Great.

A stalemate ensued for five days, before the Athenians decided to attack the Persians because, under the cover of night, some of the Persian fleet had set sail for Athens.

This building was damaged by fire in 614 when the Persians, under Khosrau II, invaded Jerusalem and captured the Cross.

The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Yehud as a Dividic client-kingdom under descendants of Jehoiachin, but by the mid – 5th century BCE Yehud had become in practice a theocracy, ruled by hereditary High Priests and a Persian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid.

In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians, and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire.

The Older or Pre-Parthenon, as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC and razed the Acropolis.

* April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army ( 20, 000 men ) under command of Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Ar-Raqqah ( northern Syria ).

The Persians are repulsed by 11, 000 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades.

* Battle of Damghan: The Persians under Nadir Shah defeat the Afghans.

* Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Persians at Resaena ( Syria ), king Shapur I is forced to flee to the Euphrates.

A few years later, probably 514 BC, Babylon again revolted under the Armenian King Arakha ; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed.

The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid-480s BC, and in 482 BC the decision was taken, under the guidance of the Athenian politician Themistocles, to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians.

After a brief membership in the Athenian Empire, it seceded and became independent ( its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause ), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by Maussollus of Caria, returned to the Persians, and went under Macedonian hegemony at the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great.

Lycia prospered under a monarchy set up by the Persians.

He proposed the introduction of an endurance road race under the name " Marathon " which would start from the region where in 490 BC the battle of the Greeks against the Persians occurred and would end at the Pnyx of Ancient Athens, where, presumably, the messenger arrived bringing the good news of victory to the Athenians.

* August 11 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes.

It was occupied by the Persians in 514 BC, and Darius burnt it in 512.

The throne then passed to the Persians, who their king Darius was the first to sit successfully on Solomon's throne since his death, and after that the throne passed into the possession of the Greeks and Ahasuerus.

Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the Greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the Athenians, Naxians, and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt, the burning of Sardis and their victory over the Persians at Marathon.

Following this, revolts broke out in Persis, the homeland of the Persians and Darius.

However, Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script which was only used for official inscriptions.

After Miltiades ( the general of the Greek forces ) defeated Darius ' Persian forces, the Persians decided to sail from Marathon to Athens in order to sack the unprotected city.

* 480 Leonidas, Spartan, makes sacrifice of 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae so main force can escape ; Xerxes son of Darius is leading the Persians

* 333 Alexander defeats Persians at Battle of Issus, Oct, but Darius III escapes

* Alexander has a great victory over the Persians in the Battle of the Issus River in Cilicia, but the Persian Emperor Darius III escapes.

After the tyrant was murdered, he was captured by the Persians and brought to King Darius, curing him of a dislocated ankle.

This excited the suspicions of the Persians, and Darius compelled them to surrender their ships and pull down their walls.

The unfinished one is perhaps that of Arses of Persia, who reigned at the longest two years, or, if not his, then that of Darius III ( Codomannus ), who is one of those whose bodies are said to have been brought " to the Persians.

The vast ruins, however, of Takhti Jamshid, and the terrace constructed with so much labour, can hardly be anything else than the ruins of palaces ; as for temples, the Persians had no such thing, at least in the time of Darius and Xerxes.

The envelopment ordered by Darius failed and the Persians lost the battle after hours of fierce fighting.

He likely intended to surrender the king to the Macedonians, but Alexander ordered his forces to brutally pursue the Persians even after receiving word of Darius ' arrest.

Confusion arose because they were known to the Persians as Saka, however they were known to the Babylonians as Gimirrai, and both expressions are used synonymously on the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in 515 BC on the order of Darius the Great.

Thrace south of the Danube ( except for the land of the Bessi ) was ruled for nearly half a century by the Persians under Darius the Great, who conducted an expedition into the region from 513 BC to 512 BC.

Histiaeus himself surrendered to the Persians, thinking that he would be able to talk himself into a pardon from Darius.

Other references to Persians are in terms of the cock, a Persian bird ( lines 485, 707 ) that predated Darius and Megabazus ( 484 ) as lord of Persia.

The Persians responded in 497 BC with a three-pronged attack aimed at recapturing the outlying areas of the rebellious territory, but the spread of the revolt to Caria meant the largest army, under Darius, moved there instead.

After Alexander's forces successfully defeated the Persians at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal charge of his army, gathered a large army from the depths of the empire, and maneuvered to cut the Greek line of supply, requiring Alexander to countermarch his forces, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the Pinarus River and south of the village of Issus.

It was fought between an alliance of the Ionian cities ( joined by the Lesbians ) and the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Persians which all but ended the revolt.

In 490 BC Hippias, still in the service of the Persians, led Darius to Marathon, Greece.