The term apocrypha is used with various meanings, including " hidden ", " esoteric ", " spurious ", " of questionable authenticity ", ancient Chinese " revealed texts and objects " and " Christian texts that are not canonical ".

Also in Christendom during the Medieval, grimoires were written that were attributed to other ancient figures, thereby supposedly giving them a sense of authenticity because of their antiquity.

Some of the external arguments are " arguments from silence " that question the authenticity of the entire passage not for what it says, but due to lack of references to it among other ancient sources.

The authenticity of all the poetic fragments attributed to Solon is however uncertain-in particular, pederastic aphorisms ascribed by some ancient sources to Solon have been ascribed by other sources to Theognis instead.

The authenticity of ancient bullae has been the topic of scholarly discussion.

The rest of the work also raises issues about authenticity, since some couplets look like lines attributed by ancient sources to other poets ( Solon, Euenus, Mimnermus and Tyrtaeus ).

Furthermore, it suggests that the Essenes challenged the authenticity of the rule of the Sadducees, blaming the downfall of ancient Israel and the siege of Jerusalem on their impiety.

Midrash halakha ( Hebrew: ה ֲ ל ָ כ ָ ה ‎) was the ancient Judaic rabbinic method of Torah study that expounded upon the traditionally received 613 Mitzvot (" laws ") by identifying their sources in the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), and by interpreting these passages as proofs of the laws ' authenticity.

# Other exceptions, declarant's availability immaterial: In the United States Federal Rules of Evidence, separate exceptions are made for public records, family records, and records in ancient documents of established authenticity.

He is distinguished as one who applied the canons of the ancient document rule to establish the authenticity of the gospel accounts, as well as cross-examination principles in assessing the testimony of those who bore witness to the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ.

Because the Merrie Monarch Festival has maintained strict standards of authenticity, the true history and culture of the ancient Hawaiian people is being perpetuated.

Webster's Dictionary ( 1828 ) defines diplomatics as the " science of diplomas, or of ancient writings, literary and public documents, letters, decrees, charters, codicils, etc., which has for its object to decipher old writings, to ascertain their authenticity, their date, signatures, etc.

In the ancient and medieval periods, the authenticity of a document was not seen to be intrinsically tied to its creation or format.

Roberts asserted that the authenticity of the Restoration must “ stand or fall ” on the truth of Joseph Smith ’ s claim that the Book of Mormon was the history of an ancient people inscribed on a cache of gold plates ; and Roberts predicted that if church leaders did not address the historical problems of church origins and possible anachronisms in the Book of Mormon, these problems would eventually undermine “ the faith of the Youth of the Church .”

Smith stated that he believed that the discovery of ancient Maya ruins on the Yucatán Peninsula in the late 1830s offered evidence to the Book of Mormon's authenticity.

Noted Yale critic of secular and sacred literature Harold Bloom, who classes these the book of Moses and the Book of Abraham among the “ more surprising ” and “ neglected ” works of LDS scripture, is intrigued by the fact that many of their themes are “ strikingly akin to ancient suggestions ” that essentially restate “ the archaic or original Jewish religion, a Judaism that preceded even the Yahwist .” While expressing “ no judgment, one way or the other, upon the authenticity ” of LDS scripture, he finds “ enormous validity ” in the way these writings “ recapture … crucial elements in the archaic Jewish religion .… that had ceased to be available either to normative Judaism or to Christianity, and that survived only in esoteric traditions unlikely to have touched Smith directly.

Professor Wolfgang Krumbein, an international expert in the field of ancient patina stated in his report that the tools the IAA used to examine the artifacts were unfit to make such allegations and that tests in a modern lab have proven the authenticity of at least the James Ossuary.

This phenomenon is ancient, since in many small firms that cannot afford printing secured paper-form securities, the securities are often held in a book-entry form, under the control of an attorney who acts as a notary to certify the existence of the securities, as well as their authenticity.

However, if one considers the story historically accurate, happening in Jesus ' life apart from the similar incidents recorded in the other gospels, the question of the authenticity of the parable receives a different answer ... John Nolland, following Wilckens ' ideas, writes: ' There can hardly be a prior form of the episode not containing the present parable, since this would leave the Pharisee's concerns of v 39 with no adequate response '.

Burton, in his rejection of the authenticity of the story, sided with L. Caetani, who wrote that the story was to be rejected not only on the basis of isnad, but because " had these hadiths even a degree of historical basis, Muhammad's reported conduct on this occasion would have given the lie to the whole of his previous prophetic activity.

A story of doubtful authenticity tells how he refused to crown King Harold Harefoot, as he had promised Cnut to crown none but a son of the king by his wife, Emma.

The line between amateur reenactment and presentations at living history museums can be blurred as, while the latter routinely utilize museum professionals and trained interpreters to help convey the story of history to the public, some museums and historic sites employ reenactment groups with high standards of authenticity for the same role at special events.

On April 26, 1941 an article was published in The Saturday Evening Post by journalist Boyden Sparks, attacking the authenticity of the stones, pointing to improbabilities in their story and producing evidence that those who had claimed to discover them were in fact hoaxers.

Putting an end to earlier doubts and speculations about the blog's authenticity, The Guardian newspaper tracked its author down in May 2003 and printed a story confirming that the person behind the pseudonym Salam Pax indeed lived in Iraq, that Salam was his real first ( given ) name, and that he was a 29-year-old architect.

Some critics have challenged the authenticity of the story, noting that the editor of this book, Beatrice Sparks, has filled the same role on many other " actual, anonymous diaries of teenagers " that explore such sensational themes as drug addiction, teenage pregnancy, and prostitution.

Following the decline of China's prestige and the rise of Korean nationalism in the early twentieth century, Korean intellectuals no longer took pride in their association with the Chinese Gija, and thus started to doubt the authenticity of his traditional story.

It is said that the zoologist Bǐng Zhì ( 秉志 ) recorded around the 1950s that some fishermen caught a paddlefish of 7-metres, although the authenticity of the story is unconfirmed.

Spiegelman worried about the effect his organizing of Vladek's story would have on its authenticity.

The story of this successful resistance is told by Josephus — who does not say who the leader was, but does tell of Pilate's crucifixion of Jesus just two paragraphs later in a passage whose authenticity is heavily disputed.

According to Aviel Roshwald, despite the " widespread " belief that these famous last words are apocryphal, " the irony is that the authenticity of the official story about Trumpeldor's final utterance is actually well-attested and not disputed by historians.

In the biography Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self by G. Edward White, the author states " the authenticity of the story is highly questionable ", noting " the absence of confirmatory evidence in Holmes ' own recollections of his services defending Fort Stevens ".

An estimated eight million people watched the programme on 1 April and hundreds phoned in the following day to question the authenticity of the story or ask for more information about spaghetti cultivation and how they could grow their own spaghetti trees.

Although the story is famous, its authenticity is questionable.

The narrative then gives an ambiguous statement on whether they then give formal farewells or make love ( possibly Gaiman's way of implying that there are contradictory versions of the story, giving it an extra layer of authenticity ), and then he takes her place, giving her the advice, " Seek not revenge, but the Buddha.

In the 1990s, after much debate about story authenticity, Dargaud got permission to revive the Blake and Mortimer series with a set of new stories by a new team of author / draughtsman.

By the following day, questions about the authenticity of the documents were being publicized by the Drudge Report, which linked to the analysis at the Powerline blog in the mid-afternoon, and the story was covered on the website of the magazine The Weekly Standard and broke into mass media outlets, including the Associated Press and the major television news networks.

She said that the authenticity of the documents had been corroborated by an unnamed key source and that journalists often have to rely on photo-copied documents as the basis for verifying a story.

Although these dances gave the story an impression of authenticity, they were anachronistic, being out of fashion by the time of the story.

Some adherents to the Book of Mormon claim that Anthon attested to the characters ' authenticity in writing to Martin Harris but then ripped up his certification after hearing the story of Joseph Smith and the plates.

Determined to have the novel be historically accurate, Wallace gathered references concerning the Middle East during the time period of his novel, visiting libraries all over America and studying the Bible closely, to give his story authenticity.

Only fragments of the latter's work survive ( and the authenticity of these is debatable ) yet they allow us glimpses into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories, as for example in the introduction to Hecataeus's work, Genealogies:

) These all challenged Westernized ruling elites on behalf of ' authenticity ' and tradition.

It is both the lack of any original corroborating manuscript source outside the Christian tradition as well as the practice of Christian interpolation that has led to the scholarly debate regarding the authenticity of Josephus ' references to Jesus in his work.

It has a barbaric and oriental magnificence that asserts itself with a happy power and authenticity too often absent from visionary poems set within the Christian tradition.

Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga Prekrasa, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns.

Protesilaus, speaking from beyond the grave, is the oracular source of the corrected eye-witness version of the actions of heroes at Troy, related by a " vine-dresser " to a Phoenician merchant in the framing device that gives an air of authenticity to the narratives of Philostratus ' Heroicus, a late literary representation of Greek hero-cult traditions that developed independently of the epic tradition.

With Whitaker an editorial tradition truly began in the modern sense, with each new editor striving to present the " authentic " Piers Plowman and challenging the accuracy and authenticity of preceding editors and editions.

From the speculative doctrines of faith, the truth of which can be proved only by reasoning, are to be distinguished the historical dogmas whose authenticity is based principally upon divine revelation, or, to speak more exactly, upon the historical tradition of such a revelation ( ib.

Some Sunni Muslim scholars, while having no negative view of Kaab, doubt the authenticity of the tradition itself.

Juri Lotman supports the text's authenticity, based on the absence of a number of semiotic elements in the Russian Classicist literary tradition before the publication of the Tale.

On the other hand, Dasein's access to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition — this is the question of " world historicality ," and among its consequences is Heidegger's argument that Dasein's potential for authenticity lies in the possibility of choosing a " hero.

Rather, traditional singing practice is often highly prestigious among newcomers: " Orally transmitted elements of Sacred Harp performance practice have a special capacity to a sense of authenticity, timelessness, and tradition.

" Michael von Brück denies the historical evidence of such a claim, stating " The problem is that this position has no historical evidence, neither in the biography of the 5th Dalai Lama or elsewhere ," adding that for this reason the authenticity of the oral tradition cannot be decided.

Many characteristics set it apart from the other works of Tacitus, so much so that the its authenticity may be questioned, even if it is always grouped with the Agricola and the Germania in the manuscript tradition.

Shi ' a tradition rejects the authenticity of Abu Hurairah's hadith, seldom accepting only when there are similar hadith narrated by Sahabah ( companions ) and family of Muhammad who are considered reliable by Shi ' a.

The tradition began during the time of the Western Schism, when the legitimately elected Pope gave secular leaders permission to verify the authenticity of papal degrees before enforcing them.

However, since the oldest part of the structure dates from the 14th century, and has no predecessor, Shakespeare's version ( and the tradition which came before it ) is of extremely dubious historical authenticity.