Criticism, most notably made by Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, centered on sociobiology's contention that genes play an ultimate role in human behavior and that traits such as aggressiveness can be explained by biology rather than a person's social environment.

While there is general agreement over the importance of Emiratisation for social, economic and political reasons, there is also some contention as to the impact of localization on organizational efficiency.

A key part of this analysis is the contention that one dimension of the social domain-tracking the illocutionary status of the transaction ( whether individual participants claim that their interests have been met, or not ) is very readily conferred to a computer process-independent of whether the computer has the means to adequately represent the real world issues underlying that claim.

The Banyamulenge have an ambiguous political and social position in Congo, which has been an issue of contention with other ethnic groups.

The divide between South Africa's independent social movements and many leftist and vanguard organisations in South Africa has become a point of contention.

His distaste for Aberhart's social credit government — and in particular its contention, which Brownlee viewed as unfair, that the UFA had left the government bankrupt — did not prevent him from advising it behind the scenes on a number of issues, most notably Alberta's submission to the Rowell-Sirois Commission, The Case for Alberta.

Consequently it has been the contention of scholars such as Douglas Kellner and James Bohman that new media, and particularly the Internet, provide the potential for a democratic postmodern public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debate pertaining to their social structures.

The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province, in the wake of incursion by fleeing Interahamwe forces responsible for the genocide of Rwandan Tutsis into the Kivu region after the liberation of neighboring Rwanda by the Tutsi-led RPF, leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996-7 and Second Congo War of 1998-2003.

The biggest bone of contention with the SPD was to be the Spartacist's demand for the establishment of " unalterable political facts " on the ground by social and other measures before the election of a constituent assembly, while the SPD wanted to leave the decision on the future economic system to the assembly.

Such a distinction, if empirically borne out, would support the contention of evolutionary psychologists that certain features of human psychology may be mechanisms that have evolved, through natural selection, to solve specific problems of social interaction, rather than expressions of general intelligence.

He disputed the Court's contention that attendance at high school graduation ceremonies was effectively required as part of social norms, and also the conclusion that students were subtly coerced to stand for the rabbi's invocation.

The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province, leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996-7 and Second Congo War of 1998-2003.

This has an effect of having WISN-TV's news staff disclaim on-air and through their social networking channels that their station has no connections with WISN radio's conservative talk format and only holds the same calls, a point of contention and confusion during events such as live shots at the Wisconsin State Capitol for the 2011 state budget debate.

This government was Ontario's second social democratic government ( after the United Farmer's government of Ernest Drury 1919-1923 ), and its track record would keep the NDP out of serious contention for power in Ontario until the present.

Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loosening of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention ( see below ).

Genovese's contention was that after 1830, southern Christianity became part of social control of the slaves.

We fail to see how such procedure resulted in any prejudice to petitioner's contention, which was considered by the appeal board and denied by it.

Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as “ jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention .” According to Saint Augustine, to love God is “ to attain the peace which is yours .” ( Saint Augustine's Confessions )

Natural phenomena ( such as rain ) were seen as the physical manifestation of this spiritual contention.

This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire ( especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III ).

Among the points of contention are whether the victims of massacres such as the Račak massacre and Srebrenica massacre were unarmed civilians or armed resistance fighters, whether death and rape tolls were inflated, and whether prison camps such as Sremska Mitrovica camp were sites of mass war crimes.

The main contention of such readings is that Wittgenstein in the Tractatus does not provide a theoretical account of language that relegates ethics and philosophy to a mystical realm of the unsayable.

A republican form of government is distinguished from a pure democracy, which the Founding Fathers wanted to avoid ; as James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 10, " Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention ; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.

Under most workloads, the level of contention caused is too low to impact performance, but random-write heavy workloads, such as those seen on busy database servers, can suffer from sub-optimal performance as a result of this I / O contention.

There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam.

As such, the Covenant has been rendered ineffective, with the bone of contention being United States officials ' insistence upon preserving a vast web of sovereign, judicial, prosecutorial, and executive branch immunities that often deprives its citizens of the " effective remedy " under law the Covenant is intended to guarantee.

Thus, the provinces and parliament have no formal role in such appointments, sometimes a point of contention.

Japanese archaeologists emphasise instead the fact that, in the first half of the Kofun period, other regional chieftainships, such as Kibi were in close contention for dominance or importance.

Whether such mutations are directed or not also remains in contention.

" Moreover, S. Boyd Eaton and colleagues have indicated that " comparative genetic data provide compelling evidence against the contention that long exposure to agricultural and industrial circumstances has distanced us, genetically, from our Stone Age ancestors " however they mention exceptions such as increased lactose and gluten tolerance, which improve ability to digest dairy and grains, while other studies indicate that human adaptive evolution has accelerated since the Paleolithic.

Japanese archaeologists and historians emphasize the fact that during the early Kofun Period the Yamato chieftainship was in close contention with other regional powers, such as Kibi Province near present-day Okayama Prefecture.

However, Von Aachen only moved to Prague years later ( there is contention as to the date-1601 or 1597 ), where he stayed and was commissioned to paint mythological and allegorical subjects such as his Liberation of Hungary ( 1598, Budapest ).

Though some foreigner observers believe that Han Chinese are given preference, there is no statistical data available that supports such a contention.

No evidence that such a firearm was " ordinary military equipment " had been presented at the trial court ( apparently because the case had been thrown out — at the defendants ' request — before evidence could be presented ), although two Supreme Court justices at the time had been United States Army officers during World War I and may have had personal knowledge of the use of such weapons in combat, and the Supreme Court indicated it could not take judicial notice of such a contention.

* Distributed Contention Control, used in networks such as 802. 11 to reduce access contention issues

In economics, the lump of labour fallacy ( or lump of jobs fallacy ) is the contention that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed.

Subjects of further contention among scholars are the identity of claimed corrections and revisions of Job's speeches, which are claimed to have been made for the purpose of harmonizing them with the orthodox doctrine of retribution.

Some — though this is a point of severe contention in the problem of universals -- believe that properties are beings ; the redness of all apples is something that is.

There is a Trotskyist theory of permanent arms economy, put forward by Michael Kidron, which leads on from the contention that war and accompanying industrialisation is a continuing feature of capitalist states and that central planning and other features of the war economy are ever present.

Even though it is extremely rare, microstructures resembling cells are sometimes found within stromatolites ; but these are also the source of scientific contention.

If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, the hands are revealed and the player with the winning hand takes the pot.

East-west distance was a matter of contention to the geographers ; they are one of Strabo's most frequent topics.

These theories are speculative but perhaps less so than Strabo's contention that Pytheas was a charlatan just because a professional geographer doubted him.

These two theories are not in contention with one another and it is quite possible that both theories are true and operating simultaneously to initiate and maintain vibration.

The structures and artifacts discovered by NIOT are the subject of contention.

In his memoir, Marshall's only negative comment towards Wilson was, " I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world.

This contention assumes that the twins ' situations are symmetrical and interchangeable, an assumption that is not correct.

From this time forward there is a nearly constant contention for the government of the Jaredites that continues for many generations, and ultimately the book ends with an enormous final war in which millions of Jaredites are killed and the Jaredite nation is destroyed.

Filesystem writes are preceded by metadata updates to the journal, which can be a cause of disk contention.

There is some contention about whether the Duke of Montrose and Sheriffmuir doublets are too formal for black-tie occasions.

The contention is that the genes that get passed on are the ones whose consequences serve their own implicit interests ( to continue being replicated ), not necessarily those of the organism, much less any larger level.

The term " cinematographer " has been a point of contention for some time now ; some professionals insist that it only applies when the director of photography and camera operator are the same person, although this is far from being uniformly the case.

A point of contention is whether it is better to use proud probes, where the angle between the magnetic field and the surface is at least 15 °, or flush-mounted probes, which are embedded in the plasma-facing components and generally have an angle of 1 to 5 °.

A particular point of contention is the practice of bringing in veteran voice actors ( who are generally capable of greatly altering their voices and inflections in order to create personalities for characters ) to read for a part, and then use the recording of the professional voice actor as a guide for the movie star, even though the actual character creation work is being done by the unpaid voice actor.

Both the location and origin of kimberlitic magmas are areas of contention.

For a while, the new township included what are now, Madison, Chatham, and Florham Park, as well as all of Green Village and all of the lands still governed by Chatham Township, but soon the principle villages began to secede because of contention over the funding of their projects.