Consequently there have developed several forms of grants-in-aid and shared taxes, as well as the unrestricted grant to local governments for general purposes whose adoption accompanied the introduction of a sales tax at the state level.

It also makes a fine introduction to the international art form with good examples of Italian and English madrigals plus several French `` chansons ''.

Despite the retreat of US and UN forces after several deaths due to local hostilities mainly led by Aidid, the introduction of a powerful military force opened the transportation routes, enabling the provision of supplies and ended the famine quickly.

At the 19th Conference, the first party conference held since 1941, several delegates asked for the introduction of term limits, and an end to appointments of officials, and to introduce multi-candidate elections within the party.

Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the " key scaling " method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation, though it would take several years before Yamaha release their FM digital synthesizers.

In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans.

Its disappearance has been attributed to a confluence of several factors, including El Niño warming, fungus, and the introduction of invasive species.

The HMMWV has evolved several times since its introduction, and is now used in tactical roles for which it was never originally intended.

The second generation ( transistor-based ) products were a mainstay of IBM's business and IBM continued to make them for several years after the introduction of the System / 360.

The notational convenience of the Legendre symbol inspired introduction of several other " symbols " used in algebraic number theory, such as the Hilbert symbol and the Artin symbol.

* Tanchuma or Yelammedenu ( ninth century ) on the whole Pentateuch ; its homilies often consist of a Halachic introduction, followed by several poems, exposition of the opening verses, and the Messianic conclusion.

His book The Amazing Book of Mazes ( 2006 ) contains examples and photographs of numerous methods of maze construction, several of which have been pioneered by Fisher ; The Art of the Maze ( Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1990 ) contains a substantial history of the subject, whilst Mazes and Labyrinths ( Shire Publications, 2004 ) is a useful introduction to the subject.

The Liber Pontificalis, compiled from the 5th century onwards, attributed the introduction of several later customs to Miltiades, including not fasting on Thursdays or Sundays, although subsequent scholarship now believes the customs probably pre-dated Miltiades.

The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the introduction of several new Simula-inspired object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, Objective-C, and C ++.

The introduction of MIRV systems dramatically upset this in the favour of the attack ; missiles now carried several warheads that would be dispersed over wide areas, so now every new ICBM built would require a small fleet of ABMs to counter it.

The introduction of vaccines for several diseases led to reduced mortality from them.

* September 20 – September 21 – The semi-legendary 100 Club Punk Festival ignites the careers of several influential punk and post-punk bands, arguably sparking the Punk Movement's introduction into mainstream culture.

This served adequately until the introduction of the steam engine, the telegraph, and rail travel, which made it possible to travel fast enough over long distances to require almost constant re-setting of timepieces as a train progressed in its daily run through several towns.

Historic crop rotation methods are mentioned in Roman literature, and referred to by several civilizations in Asia and on three major elements: sophisticated systems of crop rotation, highly developed irrigation techniques and the introduction of a large variety of crops which were studied and catalogued according to the season, type of land and amount of water they require.

Iolanthe is one of several of Gilbert's works, including The Wicked World, Broken Hearts, Fallen Fairies, and Princess Ida, where the introduction of males into a tranquil world of women brings " mortal love " that wreaks havoc with the status quo.

There have been several different models since their introduction on May 11, 1999 although AIBO was discontinued in 2006.

After introduction in integrated circuit form in 1963 by Sylvania, TTL integrated circuits were manufactured by several semiconductor companies, with the 7400 series by Texas Instruments becoming particularly popular.

However, Schluter didn't just copy the Leedy design, he introduced several significant improvements: making the bars from aluminum instead of steel for a more " mellow " basic tone ; adjustments to the dimensions and tuning of the bars to eliminate the dissonant harmonics in the Leedy design ( further mellowing the tone ); and the introduction of a damper bar controlled by a foot pedal, enabling it to be played with more expression.

Ever since their introduction several decades ago, product innovations include the use of superabsorbent polymers, resealable tapes, and elasticised waist bands.

In 1930, Ronald Syme argued a complete reassessment of Domitian's financial policy, which had until then been largely viewed as a disaster, opening his paper with the following introduction:

Because of the brevity of his reign, Emperor Yōmei was not responsible for any radical changes in policy, but his support of Buddhism created tension with supporters of Shintoism who opposed its introduction.

Most visibly, much of its work has concerned the DNS policy development for internationalization of the DNS system and introduction of new generic top-level domains ( TLDs ).

Many different problems are addressed, like foreign policy, declarations of war, the legitimacy of leaders, and the introduction of new ideas and laws.

Many of the revolts were the result of French policy of maltreating the local population as with the introduction of forced labor.

* December 1 – A train crash at Tattenham Corner railway station lead to the introduction of the current drugs and alcohol policy for railways in the UK.

Critics contended that the inflation which would follow the introduction of such a policy would harm workers, whose wages would not rise as fast as prices would, and the operation of Gresham's law would drive gold from circulation, effectively placing the United States on a silver standard.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a " significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains.

* The introduction of social policy legislation in the late seventies which increased family allowances ( though by a smaller amount than in 1974 ) and maternity leave benefits.

These farm labourers had faced unemployment for a number of years due to the widespread introduction of the threshing machine and the policy of enclosing fields.

Some characters have viewed the Prime Directive as a negative policy, because it prevents introduction of technology ( especially medical technology ), culture, and resources that may improve quality of life.

The White Australia Policy was quietly dismantled after World War II by various changes to immigration policy, the full political introduction of official policies of multiculturalism was not until 1972.

In civilian ambulances, a major advance was made ( which in future years would come to shape policy on hospitals and ambulances ) with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London during 1832.

His 158 recommendations included the introduction of a unified grading system for all categories of staff, a Civil Service College and a central policy planning unit.

Women's Rights activists also turned against Asquith when he adopted the ' Business as Usual ' policy at the beginning of the war, while the introduction of conscription was unpopular with mainstream Liberals.

Following the introduction of this programme the policy of protection was eventually ended and the Control of Manufacturers Act, which had been in place since 1932 and had been introduced by Lemass himself, was also abolished.

The Executive Council decides on matters of policy, the introduction of bills to the Legislative Council and the drafting of subordinate legislation.

Following the introduction of the new zero-fare policy, the usage of public transport immediately increased by 800-900 % and has remained high, being currently more than 10-fold compared to the time of the old policy

Once again the terms of the introduction were restricted by the two-airline policy.

Since its conceptual inception in the late 1780s in Europe and formal introduction in 1993 by the US Government, the term ‘ E-Government ’ has now become one of the recognized research domains especially in the context of public policy and now has been rapidly gaining strategic importance in public sector modernization.

More importantly, he was the Cabinet Minister responsible for the introduction of the Community Charge or poll tax, a policy that brought a standing ovation at the Conservative Party conference at which it was announced, and riots across the country when it was implemented.

In 2010, Martin Pakula of the Labor Party, newly appointed State Minister for Public Transport announced that the rail link had been taken off the agenda with new freeway options being explored instead, however a change of government at the 2010 Victorian State Election to Liberals, saw policy for the introduction of the rail link return to the agenda, with a promise by the incoming Coalition government to undertake planning for its construction.

In 1984, with the introduction of a new " closed campus " policy for underclassmen, a cafeteria was constructed in the school's commons.