Image: SparrowTectum. jpg | Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, from "", Madrid, 1905.

As a vertebrate brain, the human brain has the properties that are common to all vertebrate brains, including a basic division into three parts called the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each with fluid-filled ventricles at their core, and a set of generic vertebrate brain structures including the medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb, and many others.

In focus was the discovery of prey-selective neurons in the optic tectum, whose axons could be traced towards the snapping pattern generating cells in the hypoglossal nucleus.

The optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain.

The approach taken in this article is to follow the literature by using the term " superior colliculus " when discussing mammals, and " optic tectum " when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.

The brain of a cod, with the optic tectum highlighted

The optic tectum is one of the fundamental components of the vertebrate brain, existing across the full range of species from hagfish to human.

Drawing by Ramon y Cajal of several types of Golgi-stained neurons in the optic tectum of a sparrow.

H & E stain of chicken optic tectum at E7 showing the generative zone ( GZ ), the migrating zone ( MZ ) and the first neuronal lamina ( L1 ).

The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species.

Schematic circuit diagram of topographic connections between the optic tectum and the two parts of nucleus isthmii.

The optic tectum is closely associated with an adjoining structure called nucleus isthmii, which has drawn great interest recently because of new evidence that it makes a very important contribution to tectal function.

In mammals, where the term superior colliculus is generally used instead of optic tectum, this area is called the parabigeminal nucleus.

The history of investigation of the optic tectum has been marked by several large shifts in opinion.

The rest of the processing is similar to that of the visual sense and, thus, involves the optic tectum.

Meanwhile, in the target of the retinal cells ( the optic tectum ), Ephrin ligands are organized in a similar gradient: high posterior to low anterior.

The loss measurement by the backscattering method allows measurement of a fiber optic cable at one end without cutting the optical fiber hence it can be conveniently used for the construction and maintenance of optical fibers.

Their optic sensors may have artificial intelligence software that allows them to determine what is edible for consumption and energy conversion.

* Optics: An over-action MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rail sourced from either GG & G Armament Arizona or Smith Enterprise, Inc. allows for the use of any optic compatible with the rail ; this includes a rather large variety of military scopes and imaging devices.

This property of protons, which has been called the " depth charge effect " allows for conformal dose distributions to be created around even very irregularly shaped targets, and for higher doses to targets surrounded or backstopped by radiation-sensitive structures such as the optic chiasm or brainstem.

The license allows for advanced wired telephony services, Internet services and high speed data transmission over its fiber optic network which is spread out throughout the country.

Among her beneficial actions were fixing the childhood brain injury that prevented Cyclops from controlling his optic blasts, curing Puck of his mystically induced dwarfism, unifying Aurora's multiple personalities, and giving Rogue the ability to control her mutant power.

Alternatively, the image can be photographically recorded by exposing a photographic film or plate directly to the electron beam, or a high-resolution phosphor may be coupled by means of a lens optical system or a fibre optic light-guide to the sensor of a CCD ( charge-coupled device ) camera.

Some modern hi-fi equipment can be digitally connected using fibre optic TOSLINK cables, universal serial bus ( USB ) ports ( including one to play digital audio files ), or Wi-Fi support.

For this migration, ISDN services will be retired, and fiber optic services are recommended as an alternative.

Some studies reveal that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats.

This optic nerve regeneration depends upon two conditions: axonal die-back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated.

The optic nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision.

On medical examination the head of the optic nerve can easily be visualised by a slit lamp ; however, frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis ( in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis ), though it may be swollen in some patients ( anterior papillitis or more extensive optic neuritis ).

This effect of corticosteroids seems to be limited to optic neuritis and has not been observed in other diseases treated with corticosteroids.

Very occasionally, if there is concomitant increased intracranial pressure, the sheath around the optic nerve may be cut to decrease the pressure.

Longstanding papilledema leads to optic atrophy, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced.

With the viscosity of a sol adjusted into a proper range, both optical quality glass fiber and refractory ceramic fiber can be drawn which are used for fiber optic sensors and thermal insulation, respectively.

Improvements can be expected when several new submarine fibre optic cables reach the region in 2010 and 2011.

This is often credited to the development of sophisticated optic lenses, which allowed for the morphology of organisms to be studied in much greater detail.

Guidelines for constructing a mode scrambler and qualifying its output can be found in the ANSI / TIA / EIA-455-54 fiber optic test procedure ( FOTP ).

Also, to prevent self-focusing and other thermal related effects, the optic should be as short as possible.

The desired predetermined pattern is formed by use of a variable diaphragm, a rotating orifice of variable size, a movable mirror or a movable fiber optic cable through which the laser beam is directed towards the exposed internal surface or removed thin layer.

The hardware, which includes three separate pumping stations, creek flow monitoring points and advanced electronics including fibre optic cables, will undergo further operating tests.

GCI also owns Alaska United fiber optic cable system, which connects Anchorage and Fairbanks with Internet points of presence in Seattle and Portland.

The limit on maximum concentration ( shown ) is an optic with an entrance aperture, S, in air ( n < sub > I </ sub >= 1 ) collecting light within a solid angle of angle 2α and sending it to a smaller area receiver Σ immersed in a medium of refractive index n, whose points are illuminated within a solid angle of angle 2β.

GRNET fiber optic network map showing PoPs and regeneration points

THUS ' NGN contains 10, 600 km of fibre optic cable with more than 190 points of presence throughout the UK.

Furthermore, the " W-OAM typeG " AIR-EDGE 8 × service is planned to be upgraded to a maximum throughput of 800 kbit / s, when the upgrading for access points ( mainly switching lines from ISDN to fibre optic ) in its system are completed.