The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

Later, when Watterson was creating names for the characters in his comic strip, he allegedly decided upon Calvin ( after the Protestant reformer John Calvin ) and Hobbes ( after the social philosopher Thomas Hobbes ) as a " tip of the hat " to the political science department at Kenyon.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* Avram Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ), American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political activist, author, lecturer, professor emeritus at < font color = 0 > MIT, known for early work in < font color = 0 > transformational grammar and < font color = 0 > A. I.

Prefect Orestes enjoyed the political backing of Hypatia, an astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had considerable moral authority in the city of Alexandria, and who had extensive influence.

But in a seminal article of 1881, " Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract ," the Oxford political philosopher Thomas Hill Green disputed this reasoning.

The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the Age of Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Swiss philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu.

The philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defined what was then called political economy as " an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations ", in particular as:

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Edinburgh's Enlightenment produced philosopher David Hume and the pioneer of political economy, Adam Smith.

According to political philosopher Nikolas Kompridis, the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals: freedom as autonomy, or independence ; and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning.

Hayek is considered to be a major economist and political philosopher of the twentieth century.

It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

He served as research assistant for libertarian Republican Congressman Ron Paul in Paul's first term ( 1976 ), and he shared a small office with the staunchly Calvinistic political philosopher, John W. Robbins, who later became a noted anti-Van Til, pro-Clark presuppositional apologist, author, and publisher.

In remote Königsberg philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom, and political authority.

Herbert Marcuse (; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979 ) was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

He was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore, Jr. and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C. Wright Mills, one of the founders of the New Left movement.

* 1755 – Alexander Hamilton, Nevis born American Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher ; 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury ( d. 1804 )

* 1891 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian philosopher, and political theorist ( d. 1937 )

While in Paris, Rousseau became a close friend of French philosopher Diderot and, beginning with some articles on music in 1749, contributed numerous articles to Diderot and D ' Alembert's great Encyclopédie, the most famous of which was an article on political economy written in 1755.

As early as 1819, in his famous speech “ On Ancient and Modern Liberty ,” the political philosopher Benjamin Constant, a proponent of constitutional monarchy and representative democracy, criticized Rousseau, or rather his more radical followers ( specifically the Abbé de Mably ), for allegedly believing that " everything should give way to collective will, and that all restrictions on individual rights would be amply compensated by participation in social power .”

On similar grounds, one of Rousseau's strongest critics during the second half of the 20th century was political philosopher Hannah Arendt.

" In keeping with that sentiment, Lincoln led the moderates regarding Reconstruction policy, and was opposed by the Radical Republicans, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, political allies of the president on other issues.

In the 1930s, Carrel and Charles Lindbergh became close friends not only because of the years they worked together but also because they shared personal, political, and social views.

When in December 1978 there was media speculation that Prince Charles might marry a Roman Catholic, Powell defended the provision that excludes Roman Catholics from ascending the throne, claiming his objection was not rooted in religious bigotry but in political considerations.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

Charles J. Maland notes that it was his first feature in 15 years to adopt political references and social realism.

Charles played Eddie in the 1987 political drama Business as Usual.

Charles Martel () ( 23 August 686 – 22 October 741 ), also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum ( 737 – 43 ) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks.

Left-wing revivalists like Charles Seeger and Lawrence Gellert interpreted folk music as a grass-roots cultural form that came from the people and was written for the people such that it could be used in ' people's ' struggles for social and political rights.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was appealing to some economists, sociologists and political scientists ( most notably Walter Bagehot and William Graham Sumner ) who adapted and rationalized the invisible hand by incorporating the popular idea of the survival of the fittest.

The Spanish Golden Age ( in Spanish, Siglo de Oro ) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the Spanish Empire ( now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America ), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs ( Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II ).

( 1936 ) and his Ph. D. ( 1943 ) in political science, from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Harold Lasswell and Charles Edward Merriam.

Towards the end of Charles ' reign those with more radical Presbyterian opinions, known as the Covenanters, who favoured rejecting all compromise with the state, began to move away from religious dissent to outright political sedition.

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980 ) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.

Eventually King Charles I did cooperate with the independent investigation made by the house on the policies of his administration and a political stalemate was essentially determined.

Two of the most significant thinkers of the period were biologist Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 82 ), author of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ( 1859 ), and political scientist Karl Marx ( 1818 – 83 ), author of Das Kapital ( 1867 ).

" Charles Rosen, however, retorts that McClary " sets up, like so many of the ' new musicologists ', a straw man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning, and no political or social significance ".

So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American chargé d ' affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries ' allotted " spheres of influence ", without revealing the annexation rights for " territorial and political rearrangement ".

" Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that " the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought " and that " its greatest influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it.

* 1268 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church.

* Perhaps Spengler influenced Charles Lindbergh's view that Western nations should put aside their political differences and form an alliance against " foreign races " instead of fighting amongst themselves.

The philosopher Charles Blattberg, who has defined politics as " responding to conflict with dialogue ," offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies.

Another debate developed around the ( distinct ) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.