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* The prions comprise six species of true prion in the genus Pachyptila and the closely related Blue Petrel.
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prions and species
An article published in PLoS ONE indicates that certain species of Lichen degrade prions.
Lichens, Lobaria pulmonaria, may have potential for reducing the number of prions because some species contain proteases that show promise in breaking down the prion.
* The prions: A specialised group of a few very numerous species, all southern.
* The procellariine petrels, larger or mid-sized species feeding on fish and molluscs which are fairly close to the prions:
Often known in the past as whalebirds, three species have large bills filled with lamellae that they use to filter plankton somewhat as baleen whales do, though the old name derives from their association with whales, not their bills ( though " prions " does, deriving from Ancient Greek for " saw ").
The prions are restricted to the Southern Ocean, and the gadfly petrels are found mostly in the tropics with some temperate species.
Incubation takes a long time, from 40 days for the smaller species ( such as prions ) to around 55 days for the larger species.
prions and prion
These newly formed prions can then go on to convert more proteins themselves ; this triggers a chain reaction that produces large amounts of the prion form.
However, a model of prion replication must explain both how prions propagate, and why their spontaneous appearance is so rare.
Since the incubation period of prion diseases is so long, an effective drug does not need to eliminate all prions, but simply needs to slow down the rate of exponential growth.
Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal prions into rogue forms.
* prions ( proteins that can exist in a pathological conformation that induces other prion molecules to assume that same conformation ).
Fungal prions are considered epigenetic because the infectious phenotype caused by the prion can be inherited without modification of the genome.
For prion disease to be transmitted via ingestion of prion contaminated soil, prions must also remain infectious by the oral route of exposure.
Effective methods to inactivate prions in the soil are currently lacking, and the effects of natural degradation mechanisms on prion infectivity are largely unknown.
A system for estimating the prion-binding capacity of soil on farms using simple soil analysis may allow an estimate of the prion risk in the environment, and whether prion binding by the use of soil amendments or top dressings may help to mitigate the infectious prions.
Examples of structural inheritance include the propagation of prions, the infectious proteins of diseases such as scrapie ( in sheep and goats ), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (' mad cow disease ') and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease ( although the protein-only hypothesis of prion transmission has been considered contentious until recently.
Once it was determined that burrow competition from broad-billed prions was causing most breeding attemptes to fail, attention shifted to protection of burrows and chicks from prion interference.
These studies have shown that infectious prions can be produced in the absence of any other cellular component and constitute one of the strongest evidence in favor of the prion hypothesis.
prions and genus
The members of this genus and the Blue Petrel form a sub-group called prions.
prions and Pachyptila
* Cherel, Y., Bocher, P., De Broyer, C., Hobson, K. A., ( 2002 ) " Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean " Marine Ecology Progress Series 228: 263 – 281
** Pachyptila, the prions proper
prions and related
* Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a rare disease of the brain caused by prions, related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy
It has been proposed that neurodegeneration caused by prions may be related to abnormal function of PrP.
The term has evolved to include the disabling or destruction of infectious proteins such as prions related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ( TSE ).
prions and .
It is the most common form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies caused by prions.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases are caused by prions.
Stanley B. Prusiner of the University of California, San Francisco ( UCSF ) was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1997 for his discovery of prions.
Cannibalism has also been implicated as a transmission mechanism for abnormal prions, causing the disease known as kuru, once found primarily among women and children of the Fore people in Papua New Guinea.
Thermal depolymerization also destroys prions in infected organic and inorganic matter, since the process chemically attacks protein at the molecular level.
However, it was unable to detect the prions in those in early stages of the disease.
Commonly, this term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions.
Foodborne illness, commonly called " food poisoning ", is caused by bacteria, toxins, viruses, parasites, and prions.
Irradiation is not effective against viruses or prions, it cannot eliminate toxins already formed by microorganisms.
DNA methylation marking chromatin, self-sustaining metabolic loops, gene silencing by RNA interference, and the three dimensional conformation of proteins ( such as prions ) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.
* Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a subacute spongiform encephalopathy caused from prions involving the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia and the spinal cord.
Infectious pathogens include some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions.
All known prions induce the formation of an amyloid fold, in which the protein polymerises into an aggregate consisting of tightly packed beta sheets.
This structural stability means that prions are resistant to denaturation by chemical and physical agents, making disposal and containment of these particles difficult.
The endogenous, properly folded, form is denoted PrP < sup > C </ sup > ( for Common or Cellular ) while the disease-linked, misfolded form is denoted PrP < sup > Sc </ sup > ( for Scrapie, after one of the diseases first linked to prions and neurodegeneration.
Proteins showing prion-type behavior are also found in some fungi, which has been useful in helping to understand mammalian prions.
Fungal prions do not appear to cause disease in their hosts.
Prusiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997 for his research into prions.
The protein that prions are made of ( PrP ) is found throughout the body, even in healthy people and animals.
The first hypothesis that tried to explain how prions replicate in a protein-only manner was the heterodimer model.
If this were all, then the quantity of prions would increase linearly, forming ever longer fibrils.
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