significance of the experiment is determined by a ratio of two

of means and variances, dividing two variances and comparing the ratio

Using the F-distribution is a natural candidate because the test statistic is the ratio of two scaled sums of squares each of which follows a scaled chi-squared distribution.

The stronger of two acids will have a higher K < sub > a </ sub > than the weaker acid ; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton.

The aspect ratio is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon ( x: y ).

The test presents roughly the same amount of mode I and mode II with a slight dependence on the ratio of the two layer thicknesses.

The radiation flux without a sample and with a sample in the atomizer is measured using a detector, and the ratio between the two values ( the absorbance ) is converted to analyte concentration or mass using the Beer-Lambert Law.

Trans., 1830, 3, p. 1 ) is fulfilled in all systems which are symmetrical with respect to their diaphragm ( briefly named symmetrical or holosymmetrical objectives ), or which consist of two like, but different-sized, components, placed from the diaphragm in the ratio of their size, and presenting the same curvature to it ( hemisymmetrical objectives ); in these systems tan w ' / tan w

This combined condition is exactly fulfilled by holosymmetrical objectives reproducing with the scale 1, and by hemisymmetrical, if the scale of reproduction be equal to the ratio of the sizes of the two components.

Instead, the ratio of the speed of the wind and that of the cups, the anemometer factor, depends on the dimensions of the cups and arms, and may have a value between two and a little over three.

The ratio of these two is quoted as the amplifier dynamic range.

However, before reaching the transition temperature, the specific heat of the superconductor becomes even higher than that of the normal conductor ( measured immediately above the transition ) and the ratio of these two values is found to be universally given by 2. 5.

For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen atom between the two hydrogen atoms, and an angle of 104. 5 ° between them.

However, the instability in the ratio between the two grew over the course of the 19th century, with the increase both in supply of these metals, particularly silver, and of trade.

Mass-dependent differences in calcium isotope composition conventionally are expressed the ratio of two isotopes ( usually < sup > 44 </ sup > Ca /< sup > 40 </ sup > Ca ) in a sample compared to the same ratio in a standard reference material.

The ratio of the widths of two consecutive frets is the twelfth root of two (), whose numeric value is about 1. 059463.

The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength.

The simplest Cauchy distribution is called the standard Cauchy distribution is the distribution of a random variable that is the ratio of two independent standard normal random variables.

When U and V are two independent normally distributed random variables with expected value 0 and variance 1, then the ratio U / V has the standard Cauchy distribution.

suggesting the ratio of two infinitesimal quantities.

Comparing the two formulae it can be seen that for a given compression ratio (), the ideal Otto cycle will be more efficient.

The eccentricity of an ellipse, usually denoted by ε or e, is the ratio of the distance between the two foci, to the length of the major axis or e = 2f / 2a = f / a.

If we now write for the ratio of these energies we have:

The ratio of the kinetic energies is the same as the ratio of the masses ( and is independent of velocity ).

The reason for this is that fissile reactions are favored at thermal energies, since the ratio between the Pu239 fission cross section and U238 absorption cross section is ~ 100 in a thermal spectrum and 8 in a fast spectrum.

After reaction time t, the product ratio is the ratio of rate constants k and thus a function of the difference in activation energies E < sub > a </ sub > or ΔG < sup >‡</ sup >:

After an infinite amount of reaction time, the ratio of product concentrations will equal the equilibrium constant K < sub > eq </ sub > and therefore be a function of the difference in Gibbs free energies,

The aspect ratio is the ratio of the width of a shape to its height when the width is larger than the height, i. e. the shape is positioned as a " landscape " rather than " portrait ".

If the ratio a '/ a be sufficiently constant, as is often the case, the above relation reduces to the condition of Airy, i. e. tan w '/ tan w = a constant.

This ratio is higher with more conservative ( i. e., earlier, soon after BDC ) intake cam timing, and lower with more radical ( i. e., later, long after BDC ) intake cam timing, but always lower than the static or " nominal " compression ratio.

If we think of the atoms as impenetrable steel discs and the impinging particle as a bullet of negligible diameter, this ratio is the probability that the bullet will strike a steel disc, i. e., that the atomic projectile will be stopped by the foil.

This in turn means that the ratio of compounds in the remaining liquid is now different from the initial ratio ( i. e. more enriched in B than the starting liquid ).

The factor of cos θ < sub > t </ sub >/ cos θ < sub > i </ sub > occurs from the change in area of the pencil of rays, needed since T, the ratio of powers, is equal to the ratio of ( intensity × area ).

Two-stroke engines have the advantage of an increased specific power ratio ( i. e. power to volume ratio ), typically around 1. 5 times that of a typical four-stroke engine.

The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones ; therefore the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis ( i. e. cell division ).

This is achieved by introducing a negative feedback between Q16 collector and its base, i. e. by connecting a voltage divider with ratio β

Although the number of cellular phones has grown enormously, surpassing that for standard ( i. e., landline ) telephones in 2003, the overall ratio of phones per capita has nonetheless remained much smaller than it is for the developed countries.

This is essential when the width of the features to be defined is similar to or less than the thickness of the material being etched ( i. e. when the aspect ratio approaches unity ).

Altruism is known to increase from rarity when relatedness ( R ) exceeds the ratio of the cost ( C ) to the altruist ( in this case, the cell giving up its own reproduction by differentiating ), to the benefit ( B ) to the recipient of altruism ( the germ line of the colony, that reproduces as a result of the differentiation ), i. e. R > C / B ( see Hamilton's rule ).

For pure rocket approaches Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation shows that dead weight will prevent reaching orbit unless the ratio of propellant to structural mass ( called mass ratio ) is very high — between about 10 and 25 ( i. e. 24 parts propellant weight to 1 part structural weight ; depending on propellant choice ).

The torr ( symbol: Torr ) is a non-SI unit of pressure with the ratio of 760 to 1 standard atmosphere, chosen to be roughly equal to the fluid pressure exerted by a millimeter of mercury, i. e., a pressure of 1 torr is approximately equal to one millimeter of mercury.

Cephalic index ( or Cranial index ) is the ratio of the maximum width of the head multiplied by 100 divided by its maximum length ( i. e., in the horizontal plane, or front to back ).

However, under plausible conditions it can be shown that a sequence of instances ( i. e. of n black ravens, as compared to n non-black non-ravens ) yields a ratio of likelihood ratios on the order of, which blows up significantly for large.

# Ratios of vectors along a line ; i. e., for distinct collinear points the ratio of and is the same as that of and.