This same design is still in use on British gold sovereigns, although other reverse designs have also been used during the reigns of William IV, Victoria, George IV, and Elizabeth II.

It is not unknown for the Mint to strike gold sovereigns with the date of the previous ( or even older ) years, e. g. bullion sovereigns struck during the reign of George VI were all dated 1925 and featured the head of George V. Additionally, the Royal Mint was selling sovereigns dated 2010 in December 2009.

Petrucci created the St. George & the Dragon design used on British gold sovereigns and crowns first seen during the Great Recoinage of 1816.

What had been praised during Clarkson's tenure, however, was soon critiqued when it was revealed that into Jean's appointment, Rideau Hall's interpretation and exhibition planner, Fabienne Fusade, was removing from sight the portraits of Canada's past and present sovereigns and other members of the Royal Family, in order to fulfill Jean's wish to make the royal residence a showcase for Canadian art and give " a strong image of Canada "; the portrait by Jean Paul Lemieux of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh that had for decades dominated the focal wall of the ballroom was shifted to the rear wall, thereby bumping the copy of George Hayter's state portrait of Queen Victoria that had hung there to the Tent Room, where the portraits of Canada's British governors general had been collected together.

The Imperial Crown of India was the crown of three British sovereigns as Emperors of India during the final decades of the Indian Empire.

As noted above in the section discussing Emperors, the sovereigns during the Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty who called themselves Di ( Chinese: 帝 dì ) and during the Zhou Dynasty who called themselves Wang ( Chinese: 王 or 國王 ; wáng ), was the title of the Chinese head of state until the Qin Dynasty.

Although certain titles were used interchangeably during this period, the title of " duke " was typically reserved for the highest rank of feudal nobility — either those who owed homage and fealty directly to kings, or who were independent sovereigns ( primarily distinguished from kings by not having dukes as vassals ).

* Citizens of West Africa's sub-national monarchies often use the word kingmaker to refer to the members of the electoral colleges that choose their sovereigns because they also usually officiate during the coronation rituals and rites of purification, the word in this particular case taking on a literal meaning i. e.: a Maker of the king.

Where titles and style ( manner of address ) s ( such as Serene Highness ) had ceased to be recognized by national governments ( e. g. Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia ), the almanac provided associated dates and details, but continued to attribute such titles and styles to individuals and families, consistent with its practice since the French revolution ; deposed sovereigns and dynasties continued to be accorded their former titles and rank, but dates of deposition were noted and titles exclusively associated with sovereignty ( e. g. emperor, queen, grand duke, crown princess ) were not accorded to those who had not borne them during the monarchy.

In 1656, during the early Second Northern War, the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern first took the Prussian duchy and Ermland ( Ermeland, Warmia ) as Swedish fiefs in the Treaty of Königsberg, before the Swedish king released them from the vassalage and made them absolute sovereigns in these provinces.

Occitania was often politically united during the Early Middle Ages, under the Visigothic Kingdom and several Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns.

On the passports issued to them by their respective sovereigns they could engage in trade in the latter places, at least during the day, and, therefore, since the local governments wished to enforce the decrees excluding the Jews, they were driven to adopt new measures (" R. E.

It is the only Royal Castle in the Americas, as well as the only one in North America that was used to house sovereigns: the Mexican Emperor Maximilian I, and his consort Empress Carlota, during the Second Mexican Empire.

All sovereigns starting from the Tang Dynasty are contemporarily referred to using the temple names.

Although nominally under the rule of the Han Dynasty, these kings were de facto sovereigns, with very considerable power in their territories.

The “ Great Dukes of the West ,” as the Burgundian princes were called, were effectively considered national sovereigns, their domains extending from the Zuiderzee to the Somme.

Thus, the early peace treaties ( often signed under duress ) in which Indian tribes surrendered large portions of land to the U. S. also designated parcels which the tribes, as sovereigns, " reserved " to themselves, and those parcels came to be called " reservations.

This form of village-administration was called as Gaunponn ( Konkani: ग ां वपण ), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaunponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers ( most of them were extraterritorial ).

In Germany where many dynasties reigned as more or less independent sovereigns, laws governing dynastic rights constituted a distinct branch of jurisprudence called private princely law ( Privatfürstenrecht ).

In Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ( The Song of the Germans ), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people.

He was trained as a shoemaker and eventually settled in Banff, where he devoted his leisure to the study of animal nature, and collected numerous specimens of animals, which he stuffed and exhibited, but with pecuniary loss ; the Queen's attention being called to his case, settled on him an annual pension of £ 50, while the citizens of Aberdeen presented him in March 1877 with a gift of 130 sovereigns.

In the 17th century, the respective sovereigns gained increasing control over " their " Burse, and the first fraternities were formally formed, calling themselves Landsmannschaften, giving themselves Latin names according to their country of origin ( Borussia for Prussia, Guestphalia for Westphalia, etc.

Soga no Emishi and his son Iruka began to build more and more elaborate palaces and tombs for themselves, styling themselves sovereigns.

The sovereigns who had made him duke and grandee shrank from covering themselves with ridicule by revealing the way in which they had been deceived.

** Chinese sovereigns

All sovereigns are denoted by a string of Chinese characters.

For the lists of the earliest, mythological rulers, both titles are conventionally translated in English as " Sovereigns " though individual rulers entitled either huang or di from this period are translated in English with the title " Emperor " as these early mythological histories aim to feature the sovereigns of the evolving polity of the Chinese state, tracking those states which can best be claimed in a roughly continuous chain of imperial primacy interspersed with several periods of disunity such as the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Three Kingdoms Period, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, the republican Chinese Civil War and so on.

It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains.

The Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church, signing treaties with other sovereigns and fighting wars.

His diatribe against female rulers backfired on him when Elizabeth I succeeded her half-sister Mary I as Queen of England ; Elizabeth was a supporter of the Protestant cause, but took offence at Knox's words about female sovereigns.

* Duke, gōng 公, which especially featured sovereign family members, though after changes of lines within an imperial or royal House or between dynasties, or through internal adoptions or coups, a Duchy's current rulers might have been severed from current imperial or royal sovereigns and have become a distinct lineage of their own ; high dukes might be styled, though not explicit " royal dukes " as in the English peerage.

Benjamin Franklin expressed the concept when he wrote, " In free governments, the rulers are the servants and the people their superiors and sovereigns.

he said, " The Sustainer Lord of both of you has not forbidden both of you from this female bearing tree except for the reason that you both might not become governors / rulers / sovereigns or that you two might become as immortals / people of permanence "

If the demands of these two sovereigns upon his duty of allegiance come into conflict, those of the United States have the paramount authority in American law ; likewise, those of the foreign land have paramount authority in their legal system.

However, in the beginning of George IV's reign, these rights have gradually been revoked by Order in Privy Council on the grounds that sovereigns should not be bound by acts made by their predecessors.

Most of these endeavors have proven very successful for Native American tribal sovereigns and their tribal corporations, bringing wealth into the hands of Native Americans.

Minting these new sovereigns began in 1817.

Another reason for limiting the production of double sovereigns (£ 2 ) and quintuple sovereigns (£ 5 ) was the relative ease of removing gold from these larger coins — chemically, by filing, or using other techniques ; for example, the drilling of small holes into the coin followed by hammering to conceal the holes, or " sweating ": shaking a leather bag full of coins for a long period and collecting the gold dust that was knocked off.

In 2004, these paintings were placed on the walls of the central block of the Parliament Buildings, as companions to the portraits of the British and then Canadian monarchs who had been the sovereigns of the territories forming Canada since 1763.

In these years Viareggio was the destination of many exiled intellectuals of the Italian Risorgimento who were tolerated by the local sovereigns.

Some of these lines had junior branches, dynastic and non-dynastic, the latter including families whose right to the princely title was recognized by the Russian, Prussian, Bavarian or Austrian monarchies, whereas other morganatic branches used lesser titles accorded by German sovereigns ( e. g. Baron von Kleydorff, Hesse, 1868 ; Count von Hachenburg, Prussia, 1883 ; Baron von Freusburg, Lippe, 1916 ; Baron von Altenburg, ?, 1909 ).

Since these were still very young the king thought to strengthen the throne by offering the guardianship of the infants to the sovereigns Ptolemy II of Egypt and Antigonus II of Macedonia ; also the city-states of Byzantium, Heraclea and Cius were added to the guardianship.