Cavalry tactics in China were enhanced by the invention of the saddle-attached stirrup by at least the 4th century, as the oldest reliable depiction of a rider with paired stirrups was found in a Jin Dynasty tomb of the year 322 AD.

Perhaps the most important technological advancement for medieval warfare in Europe was the invention of the stirrup.

Lynn White Jr., in his book " Medieval Technology and Social Change ", argues the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause for the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs.

However, the stirrup, which made the ' shock cavalry ' lance charge possible, was not introduced to the Frankish kingdom until the late eighth century.

The malleus gets its name from Latin malleus, meaning " hammer ", the Incus gets its name from Latin Incus meaning " anvil " from incudere meaning " to forge with a hammer ", and the Stapes gets its name from Modern Latin " stirrup ," probably an alteration of Late Latin Stapia related to stare " to stand " and pedem, an accusative of pes " foot ", so called because the bone is shaped like a stirrup-this was an invented Modern Latin word for " stirrup ," for which there was no classical Latin word, as the ancients did not use stirrups.

A stirrup pump was also carried, together with a full range of other suitable tools and equipment.

Contrary to common legend, the bagel was not created in the shape of a stirrup to commemorate the victory of Poland's King Jan III Sobieski over the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Vienna in 1683.

Similarly another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German ' beugel ', a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German ' bügel ', a stirrup or ring.

Later, a single stirrup was used as a mounting aid, and paired stirrups appeared after the invention of the treed saddle.

Some argue that the stirrup was one of the basic tools used to create and spread modern civilization, possibly as important as the wheel or printing press.

The earliest manifestation of the stirrup was a toe loop that held the big toe and was used in India late in the second century BC, though may have appeared as early as 500 BC.

Later, a single stirrup was used as a mounting aid by a nomadic group known as the Sarmatians.

Literary and archaeological evidence taken together would indicate with good probability that the stirrup was in common military use in South-Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean certainly by the latter half of the 6th century, with the Byzantine Empire having them in use certainly by the year 600.

The scarcity of early-medieval stirrup finds in western Europe was noted by Bernard Bachrach: " Out of 704 eighth century male burials excavated in Germany untill 1967, only 13 had stirrups.

During the Nara period, the base of the stirrup which supported the rider's sole was elongated past the toe cup.

This half-tongued style of stirrup ( hanshita abumi ) remained in use until the late Heian period when a new stirrup was developed.

The military version of this open-sided stirrup ( shitanaga abumi ) was in use by the middle Heian period.

Historically, this type of stirrup adjustment and the riding seat it produced was called la brida.

As the stirrup had not been invented at the time of the Parthians, the rider relied solely on pressure from his legs to guide his horse.

* The stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century

The stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by AD 477.

They developed the chariot, cavalry, and horse archery, introducing innovations such as the bridle, bit, and stirrup, and often appear in history as invaders of Europe, Anatolia, and China.

Footwear such as a tennis shoe or a hiking boot is considered inappropriate for riding both because the shoe has little or no raised heel and because the heavy tread that provides traction for athletic endeavors can cause the foot to catch in the stirrup and become trapped.

It is generally suggested that the stirrup be no more than 1 inch larger than the widest part of the sole of the rider's boots.

It also showed up the English cavalry techniques using the lance, as compared with the Irish method of no stirrup and overhead spear throwing.

Essentially, children with aural atresia have hearing loss because the sound cannot travel into the ( usually ) healthy inner ear — there is no ear canal, no eardrum, and the small ear bones ( malleus / hammer, incus / anvil, and stapes / stirrup ) are underdeveloped.

Equitation may be judged in one round, though often a " work-off " is included in which the top riders return for further testing that might consist of another round of jumping, flatwork, no stirrup work, or switching horses, for example.

The stirrup irons are heavier than most, and the stirrup leathers are wider and thicker, for added safety when the player stands in the stirrups.

As the rider's whole weight must be carried at one side when mounting, on an English saddle, one stirrup leather often becomes stretched longer than the other, usually the left one, because most mounting occurs on that side.

This allows more mobility than a longer stirrup would, but at the cost of having less feel of the horse and less security.

Obviously, a stirrup leather so long that a rider cannot reach it is useless, and a stirrup length that does not allow a rider with a properly positioned leg to keep the heel lower than the toe is also easily lost.

A show jumping rider will have a shorter stirrup than other English riders, in order to maximize the jumping effort of the horse.

The stirrup of a western saddle is more difficult to remove or replace than the English stirrup and therefore, unless damaged or a different style is desired, the same stirrups usually are kept on for the life of the saddle itself.

The Bisley mainspring is longer than the SAA mainspring, and the two are not interchangeable ; it is attached to the hammer with a stirrup via a forked upper end.

The modern riding boot is relatively low-heeled, with a heel of less than one inch, though historically a higher heel was common, as it has always been critically important for riding boots to prevent the foot from slipping through the stirrup.

The Western style is seen in a long stirrup length, often longer than even that used by dressage riders, an upright posture ( equitation riders are never to lean forward beyond a very slight inclination ), and the distinctive one-handed hold on the reins.

Copernicus' achievement was to have invented systematic astronomy.

The Suez-Hungary crisis proves that this system was not invented by the new Administration, but only made more consistent and more active.

Thus was invented the single thread sewing machine, which Mr. Gibbs in partnership with Mr. Willcox decided to bring to Brown & Sharpe with the proposal that the small company undertake its manufacture.

Timothy Palmer, who invented and later patented the arch type of construction for wooden bridges, was the genius who planned and supervised the building of the Essex, or `` Deer Island '' bridge although the actual work was carried out under the direction of William Coombs, who received $300 as recompense.

To solve the problem of the wheat grains spilling on the floor and getting underfoot, a ball of maple syrup boiled to candy consistency was invented to hold the grains.

An alphabetic cuneiform script with 30 signs including three which indicate the following vowel was invented in Ugarit before the 15th century BC.

The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by Saints Cyril and Methodius, while the Cyrillic alphabet was invented by the Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid, who was their disciple.

The name was invented either by Lovecraft, or by Albert Baker, the Phillips ' family lawyer.

" To fill out the schedule, most types of racing events were invented here, including the first hill climb ( Nice – La Turbie ) and a sprint that was, in spirit, the first drag race.

One of the persistent myths of baseball history is that Doubleday invented the game in 1839, although he was in West Point at the time.

The assembly line concept was independently redeveloped throughout history and not " invented " at one time by one person.

It was invented by Robert Stevenson, for use by an 82-ton converted fishing boat, Pharos, which was used as a lightvessel between 1807 and 1810 near to Bell Rock whilst the lighthouse was being constructed.

The decimal Hindu-Arabic numeral system was invented in India around 500 CE.

It was originally named Antlia pneumatica (" Machine Pneumatique " in French ) to commemorate the air pump invented by the French physicist Denis Papin.

His family was wealthy and well established ; his father Euphorion was a member of the Eupatridae, the ancient nobility of Attica, though this might be a fiction that the ancients invented to account for the grandeur of his plays.

Today automated flight control is common to reduce pilot error and workload at key times like landing or takeoff. Autopilot was first invented by Lawrence Sperry during World War II to fly bomber planes steady enough to hit precision targets from 25, 000 feet.

( In the 1970s Ruelle and the Dutch mathematician Floris Takens produced a new model for turbulence, and it was Ruelle who invented the concept of a strange attractor in a dynamical system.

In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it was the first such data structure to be invented.

The armed car was invented by Royal Page Davidson at Northwestern Military and Naval Academy in 1898 with the Davidson-Duryea gun carriage and the later Davidson Automobile Battery armored car.

There is also a theory that the form was invented by the 12th-century poet Alexander of Paris.