The taxonomy of the genus Mimosa has had a tortuous history, having gone through periods of splitting and lumping, ultimately accumulating over 3, 000 names, many of which have either been synonymized under other species or transferred to other genera.

During the early 1990s, S. Christopher Bennett also published several major papers reviewing the anatomy, taxonomy and life history of Pteranodon.

Nowadays, most biologists, anthropologists, and sociologists reject a simple taxonomy of races in favor of more specific and / or empirically verifiable criteria, such as geography, ethnicity, or a history of endogamy.

The distinction between frogs and toads is based on informal naming conventions concentrating on the warts rather than taxonomy or evolutionary history ; some toads are more closely related to frogs than other toads.

This taxonomy implies a concept of containment or that an idea will be stable forever. The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle.

German-Swiss pathologist Edwin Klebs is sometimes noted for using the word " pseudohermaphroditism " in his taxonomy of intersexuality in 1876, although the word is clearly not his invention as is sometimes reported ; the history of the word " pseudohermaphrodite ," and the corresponding desire to separate " true " hermaphrodites from " false ," " spurious ," or " pseudo " hermaphrodites, dates back to at least 1709, when Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch used it in a publication describing a subject with testes and a mostly female phenotype.

Palynology is used by geologists to help date rocks for petroleum, mining and water exploration and to help unravel the history of plants on Earth ; by geographers to investigate climatic and environmental change: by botanists for plant taxonomy and phylogeny ; by immunologist to investigate allergenic pollen ; by archaeologists to study the customs, rituals and agricultural practices of ancient peoples ; by zoologists and environmental scientists to understand foraging habits of insects, birds and mammals and to investigate past native vegetation and habitats in order to preserve the present and protect endangered species.

Bouchet & Rocroi ( 2005 ) made sweeping changes in the systematics, resulting in a taxonomy that is a step closer to the evolutionary history of the phylum.

The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex.

This history illustrates the growing influence of cladistics ( the science of classifying living things by strict descent ) on taxonomy.

The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history.

It also issues The Linnean, a review of the history of the society and of taxonomy in general.

The classification and taxonomy of Rhamphorhynchus, like many pterosaur species known since the Victorian era, is complex, with a long history of reclassification under a variety of names, often for the same specimens.

Traditionally, researchers at natural science ( or natural history ) institutions such as the Academy engaged in biological taxonomy, the science of discovering, describing, naming, and classifying species: in essence, the cataloging of Nature.

For most of its history, biological taxonomy and systematics were conducted using comparative morphology.

Christopher Ehret ( born July 27, 1941 ), a professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, is a writer on African history and African historical linguistics, particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record.

Also at the species level, current taxonomy is questionable because hybridization between Ovis dalli and Ovis canadensis has been recorded in recent evolutionary history.

* The tangled taxonomic history of the sand tiger shark – Additional taxonomy information

The object of the Society is to advance the science of vertebrate paleontology and to serve the common interests and facilitate the cooperation of all persons concerned with the history, evolution, comparative anatomy, and taxonomy of vertebrate animals, as well as field occurrence, collection, and study of fossil vertebrates and the stratigraphy of the beds in which they are found.

It specializes in limnology, ornithology, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, and natural history.

The title essay, " Bully for Brontosaurus ", discusses the theory and history of taxonomy by examining the debate over whether Brontosaurus should be labelled Apatosaurus.

The name and order Asterales is botanically venerable, dating back to at least 1926 in the Hutchinson system of plant taxonomy when it contained only five families, of which only two are retained in the APG III classification.

* Plant systematics and taxonomy are essential to understanding habitat destruction and species extinction.

DNA analysis recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears, both Eurasian and North American, are genetically quite homogeneous, and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy.

Using Flynn's taxonomy, these two schemes of dealing with data are generally referred to as SIMD ( single instruction, multiple data ) and SISD ( single instruction, single data ), respectively.

In Linnaean taxonomy, taxa are defined by a set of traits thought to be unique to the group.

The Carinatae are, in phylogenetic taxonomy, the last common ancestor of the Neornithes ( modern birds ) and Ichthyornis ( an extinct seabird of the Cretaceous ), and all its descendants.

For example, the skills, rules, and knowledge taxonomy of human behavior has been used by designers to develop systems that are compatible with multiple " ways of knowing ": abstract analytic reasoning, experience-based ' gut feelings ', and ' craft ' sensorimotor skills.

Neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy — instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful.

In formal taxonomy of the Animalia there are higher level attributes that logically should precede the presence or absence of the vertebral column in constructing a cladogram, for example, the presence of a notochord.

The taxonomy of the jackals has evolved with scientific understanding about how they are related on the canid family tree.

The prototypes are thus intended to capture prototypical diseases ( e. g., a " classic case " of a disease ), and they will be organized in a taxonomy indexed around organ systems.

The kingfishers were traditionally treated as one family, Alcedinidae with three subfamilies, but following the 1990s revolution in bird taxonomy, the three former subfamilies are now often elevated to familial level.

In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera ( singular: genus ), and species ( singular: species ), with an additional rank lower than species.

In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as " Linnaean taxonomy " as such does not really exist: it is a collective ( abstracting ) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.

Only in the Animal Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups as used by Linnaeus.

This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working systematists ( biologists specializing in taxonomy ), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of these names, which are laid down in formal Nomenclature Codes.

This led to evolutionary taxonomy, where the various extant and extinct are linked together to construct a phylogeny.

Philosopher and encyclopedist Mortimer Adler includes all such second-order questions about various fields of study, which are often found under various branches of philosophy beginning with the phrase " philosophy of ....", in his taxonomy.

The alpha, beta, delta, epsilon sections are monophyletic, bar the Gammaproteobacteria due to the Acidithiobacillus genus is paraphyletic to Betaproteobacteria, according to multigenome alignment studies, which if done correctly are more precise than 16S ( note that Mariprofundus ferrooxydans sole member of the Zetaproteobacteria was previously misclassified on NCBI taxonomy ).

By the 21st century, vertebrate paleontologists were beginning to adopt phylogenetic taxonomy, in which all groups are defined in such a way as to be monophyletic ; that is, groups include all descendants of a particular ancestor.

" Systematic biology " and " taxonomy " ( terms that are often confused and used interchangeably ) were defined in relationship to one another as follows:

The taxonomy has undergone changes and is likely to change further, as a number of genetic studies are bringing forth new information.

Biological taxonomy is a sub-discipline of biology, and is generally practiced by biologists known as " taxonomists ", though enthusiastic naturalists are also frequently involved in the publication of new taxa.