* Tohono O ' odham fiddling, a Native American style heavily influenced by Mexican fiddling and featuring irregular counts and harmonies in thirds, fourths, and sixths.

The Kitt Peak National Observatory ( KPNO ) is a United States astronomical observatory site located on 2, 096 m ( 6, 880 ft ) Kitt Peak of the Quinlan Mountains in the Arizona-Sonoran Desert on the Tohono O ' odham Nation, southwest of Tucson.

The land was leased from the Tohono O ' odham under a perpetual agreement.

The observatory sites are under lease from the Tohono O ' odham Nation at the amount of a quarter dollar per acre yearly, which was overwhelmingly approved by the Council in the 1950s.

In 2005, the Tohono O ' odham Nation brought suit against the National Science Foundation to stop further construction of gamma ray detectors in the Gardens of the Sacred Tohono O ' odham Spirit I ' itoi, which are just below the summit.

At about the same time as the appearance of the Greek labyrinth, a topologically identical pattern appeared in Native American culture, the Tohono O ' odham labyrinth which features I ' itoi, the " Man in the Maze ".

* An archaic term for Tohono O ' odham people

The Tohono O ' odham are a group of Native American people who reside primarily in the Sonoran Desert of the southeastern Arizona and northwest Mexico.

" Tohono O ' odham " means " Desert People.

" Although they were previously known as the Papago, they have largely rejected this name ( meaning literally " tepary-bean eater "), which was applied to them by conquistadores, who had heard them called this by other Piman bands who are very competitive with the Tohono O ' odham.

A United States reservation residing on a portion of its people's original Sonoran desert lands, the Tohono O ' odham Nation within the United States is organized into 11 districts.

The Nation provides affordable housing through the Tohono O ' Odham Ki: Ki Association.

The Tohono O ' odham share linguistic and cultural roots with the closely related Akimel O ' odham ( People of the River ), whose lands lie just south of Phoenix, along the lower Gila River.

The Sobaipuri are ancestors to both the Tohono O ' odham and the Akimel O ' odham who resided along the major rivers of southern Arizona.

The San Xavier District is the location of a major tourist attraction near Tucson, Mission San Xavier del Bac, the " White Dove of the Desert ," founded in 1700 by the Jesuit missionary and explorer Eusebio Kino, with the current church building constructed by the Tohono O ' odham and Franciscan priests from 1783 to 1797.

In fact, Tohono O ' odham villages had resisted change for hundreds of years.

Despite a hundred years of being told to and made to change, the Tohono O ' odham have retained their traditions into the 21st century, and their language is still spoken.

Now numbering over 25, 000 enrolled members, the Tohono O ' odham Nation gains most of its income from its three Desert Diamond casinos.

In addition, there is a one-time monetary distribution to each Tohono O ' odham upon reaching 18 years of age.

Luzi, a Tohono O ' odham woman, circa 1905 Photograph by Edward Curtis

The cultural resources of the Tohono O ' odham are threatened — particularly the language — but are stronger than those of many other aboriginal groups in the United States.

Flood waters impounded by the dam periodically inundated approximately of the Tohono O ' odham's Gila Bend Reservation.

This map shows the location of the majority of the Tohono O ' odham Nation in Pima County, Arizona | Pima County, highlighting the large Tohono O ' odham Reservation as well as the smaller San Xavier Reservation in red.

The Tohono O ' odham Indian Reservation, at, is generally divided into four geographical parts with a total land area of and a 2000 census population of 10, 787 persons.

The area code for The Tohono O ' odham Reservation is 520.

Mission San Xavier del Bac is a historic Spanish Catholic mission located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona, on the Tohono O ' odham San Xavier Indian Reservation.

Pima County contains parts of the Tohono O ' odham Nation, as well as all of the San Xavier Indian Reservation, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Ironwood Forest National Monument and Saguaro National Park.

Pinal County contains parts of the Tohono O ' odham Nation, the Gila River Indian Community and the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, as well as the entirety of the Ak-Chin Indian Community.

In 1874, the San Xavier reservation was created, presently called the Tohono O ' odham Reservation, and native Americans were forcibly relocated to the reservation.

In 1874, the San Xavier reservation was created, presently called the Tohono O ' odham Reservation, and native Americans were forcibly relocated to the reservation.

Waila ( or chicken scratch music of the Tohono O ' odham ) has gained performers like the Joaquin Brothers fame across Native American communities, while hip hop crews like WithOut Rezervation and Robby Bee & the Boyz From the Rez ( Reservation of Education ) have a distinctively Native American flourish to hip hop.

The National Solar Observatory in Arizona is located in Tucson and at Kitt Peak, which is 56 miles southwest of Tucson via State Route 86 on the Tohono O ' Odham Reservation.

It is the smaller eastern section of the Tohono O ' odham Indian Reservation, the homeland of the tribe known as the Tohono O ' odham Nation.

The San Xavier Reservation lies in the southwestern part of the Tucson metropolitan area and consists of 111. 543 sq mi ( 288. 895 km² ) of land area, about 2. 5 percent of the Tohono O ' odham Reservation's territory.

Such illegal immigrants must cross 50 miles ( 80 km ) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O ' odham Indian Reservation.

They are also closely related to another river people, the Sobaipuri, whose descendants still reside on the San Xavier Indian Reservation or Wa: k ( together with the Tohono O ' odham ) and in the Gila River communities.

It lies near the western border of the Tohono O ' Odham Indian Reservation and due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona.

Its home is the Tohono O ' odham Indian Reservation, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community and Gila River Indian Community.

* Eskiminzin ( aka Hashkebansiziin, Hàckíbáínzín-" Angry, Men Stand in Line for Him ", * 1828 near the Pinal Mountains as a Pinaleño, through marriage into the Arivaipa, he became one of them and later their chief, he and his band together with the Pinaleño band under Capitán Chiquito were attacked by on April 30, 1871 in the Camp Grant Massacre, William S. Oury and Jesús María Elías, which blamed every depredation in southern Arizona on the 500 Camp Grant Apaches, contacted an old ally Francisco Galerita, leader of the Tohono O ' odham at San Xavier to punish them, 144 Apaches were killed and mutilated by Tohono O ' odham ( all but eight were women and children ) and 27 children were sold into slavery in Mexico by the Tohono O ' odham and the Mexicans themselves, † 1894 on the San Carlos Reservation )

Chiago has exhibited at the Heard Museum and has contributed cover art to Arizona Highways magazine and University of Arizona Press books ; Chana illustrated books by Tucson writer Byrd Baylor and created murals for Tohono O ' odham Nation buildings.

Most of the 25, 000 Tohono O ' odham today live in southern Arizona, but there is also a population of several thousand in northern Sonora, Mexico.

The former governor of Arizona, Janet Napolitano, ( now Secretary of Homeland Security ) and Tohono O ' odham government leaders have repeatedly requested that the Federal government repay the state and the tribe for the costs of border-related emergencies.

* Tohono O ' odham / ITCA ( Inter Tribal Council of Arizona )

A Crested Saguaro at Tohono Chul Park in Casas Adobes, Arizona

According to local oral tradition, the Hohokam may be the ancestors of the historic Akimel O ' odham and Tohono O ' odham peoples in Southern Arizona.

The majority of the Tohono O ' odham Nation in Pima County, Arizona | Pima County.

O ' odham ( pronounced ) is an Uto-Aztecan language of southern Arizona and northern Sonora where the Tohono O ' odham ( formerly called the Papago ) and Pima reside.

In addition, the majority of the Navajo Nation, the largest Native American reservation in the US, and the entire Tohono O ' odham Nation, the second largest, are located in Arizona.

* Tohono O ' odham Nation of Arizona

In Arizona and Mexico, waila, or chicken scratch, music, had arisen as a fusion of native Tohono O ' odham music with German polka and Mexican-American norteño.

* Tohono O ' odham Nation of Arizona ( formerly Papago Indian Tribe )