Theo Vennemann used a modified version of Krahe's model in his Vasconic substratum theory.

Suggestions of possible Old European languages include Urbian by Sorin Paliga, the Vasconic substratum hypothesis of Theo Vennemann ( also see Sigmund Feist's Germanic substrate hypothesis ), and Tyrsenian languages of Helmut Rix.

A Vasconic substratum hypothesis for Western Europe, with influence from a " Semitidic " language, has been postulated but roundly rejected.

Louis ' son Pepin, now King of Aquitaine, stamped out the Vasconic revolt in Gascony and then pursued the chieftains who had taken refuge in southern Vasconia, i. e. Pamplona and Navarre, no longer controlled by the Franks.

Pamplona is cited in 778 by Frankish accounts as a Navarrese stronghold, while this may be put down to their vague knowledge of the Vasconic territory.

Whether this Aquitanian language ( Proto-Basque ) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine / Basque region is not currently known.

Navarre is a mixture of its Vasconic tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro.

Archaeological, toponymical and historical evidence strongly suggest that it was a Vasconic language or group of languages that represent a precursor of the Basque language.

In 1996, John D. Bengtson added the Vasconic languages ( including Basque, its extinct relative or ancestor Aquitanian, and possibly Iberian ), and in 1997 he proposed the inclusion of Burushaski.

* Vasconic languages

According to Swadesh ( 1959: 114 ), it included " Vasconic, the Caucasian languages, Ural-Altaic, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Chinese, Austronesian, Japanese, Chukchi ( Siberia ), Eskimo-Aleut, Wakash, and Na-Dene ", and possibly " Sumerian ".

# REDIRECT Vasconic languages

During all the troubled and historically obscure period, starting from early 5th century accounts, the bagaudae are often cited, social uprisings against tax exaction and feudalization, largely associated to Vasconic unrest.

* Shlomo Izre ' el focuses on the " emergency " of " Spoken Israeli Hebrew " in terms of a " creation of a new language " and attempts to fit the nativization of this " new linguistic entity " into the " larger continuum of Creole and Creole-like languages " but does not seem to believe at all in any relexification hypotheses, whether from a Slavic or any other linguistic substratum ( with references to his own earlier work on the creolization hypothesis ( 1986 ) and the works of Goldenberg ( 1996 ) and Kuzar ( 2001 )).

In his view, there were three possibilities: ( 1 ) Korean did not belong with the other three genealogically, but had been influenced by an Altaic substratum ; ( 2 ) Korean was related to the other three at the same level they were related to each other ; ( 3 ) Korean had split off from the other three before they underwent a series of characteristic changes.

* Gronings, in Groningen and northern Drenthe, by its Frisian substratum related to Friso-Saxon dialects

This family is reasoned to be a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substratum of the 2nd millennium BC, sometimes referred to as Pre-Greek, and this is supported by confirmation from ancient Greek authors like Herodotus in Histories that the Etruscans were from Lydia ( SW Turkey ).

Tubeworms anchor themselves to the substratum of the hydrocarbon seep by roots located at the basal portion of their bodies.

The Livonian dialect of Latvian was more affected by the Livonian language substratum than Latvian in other parts of Latvia.

Coptic's most noticeable linguistic impact has been on the various dialects of Egyptian Arabic, which is characterized by a Coptic substratum in terms of lexical, morphological, syntactical, and phonological features.

While the lithological structure of the substratum and its chaotic tectonic deformation contribute to the cause of landslides, this problem is compounded by the lack of forested land.

Free-living barnacles are attached to the substratum by cement glands that form the base of the first pair of antennae ; in effect, the animal is fixed upside down by means of its forehead.

Thales inspired the Milesian school of philosophy and was followed by Anaximander, who argued that the substratum or arche could not be water or any of the classical elements but was instead something " unlimited " or " indefinite ," the apeiron ; his reasoning was that because the world seems to consist of opposites ( e. g., hot and cold ) yet a thing can become its opposite ( e. g., a hot thing cold ), they cannot truly be opposites but rather must both be manifestations of some underlying substratrum that is neither, while all of the classical elements are one extreme or another ( e. g., water is wet and so the opposite of dry ).

The Nejdi dialect is seen by some to be the least foreign-influenced of all modern Arabic dialects, due to the isolated location and harsh climate of the Nejdi plateau, as well as the apparent absence of any substratum from a previous language.

In its final conception, developed by Reich's student Charles Kelly after Reich's death, Orgone was conceived as the anti-entropic principle of the universe, a creative substratum in all of nature comparable to Mesmer's animal magnetism, the Odic force of Carl Reichenbach and Henri Bergson's élan vital.

This was followed by his investigation of the phenomenon that the rate of growth of bacteria on solid substratum often decreases, finally coming to a halt.

Despite attempts to explain some phonetic changes by the action of a Gaulish substratum, only one of them is sure, because this fact is clearly attested in the Gaulish language epigraphy, e. g.: on the potteries of la Graufesenque ( 1st c. AD ), there is the Latin word ( from Greek ) written paraxsid-i instead of paropsid-es.

Around 300 words are considered by many linguists to be of substratum origin.

Ophthalmologist Walter B. Lancaster had this to say: " Since seeing is only partly a matter of the image on the retina and the sensation it produces, but is in still larger part a matter of the cerebral processes of synthesis, in which memories play a principal role, it follows that by repetition, by practice, by exercises, one builds up a substratum of memories useful for the interpretation of sensations and facilitates the syntheses which are the major part of seeing.

Min dialects, which were less affected by the koine, definitely appear to possess an Austroasiatic substratum, such as a Min word for shaman or spirit healer such as in Jian ’ ou Min toŋ³ which appears to be cognate with Vietnames ʔdoŋ², Written Mon doŋ, and Santali dōŋ which all have meanings similar to the Min word.

This same type of languages, featuring complex verbs of which the current Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors, was cited by Peter Schrijver to indicate a local lexical and typological reminiscence in western Europe pointing to a possible Neolithic substratum.

The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum.

The substratum under the whole area is a limestone and lime shale that was likely laid down under a warm ocean at some stage in the distant past and subsequently ground down by glaciers during the last ice age around 18, 000 years ago.

The substratum under the whole area is a deep brown sandstone, limestone and lime shale that was likely laid down under a warm ocean at some stage in the distant past and subsequently ground down by glaciers during the last ice age around 18, 000 years ago.

This way the first dialect of Standard German with definite High German roots but a Low German substratum apparently formed.

The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the Polish language substratum, with notable ( mostly lexical ) influences from the Masovian dialect of Polish, as well as Russian, German, Yiddish and other languages.

The language is built on a strong substratum of German, but contains numerous words from other languages, notably from various German dialects, as well as from Yiddish, and Romany languages, notably Sintitikes.

A more technical definition of Missingsch is that it is a type of contact variety, specifically a type of German variety with a Low German ( or Low Saxon ) substratum.

It is a type of German variety with the minimally qualifying characteristic of a clearly noticeable Low German / Low Saxon substratum.

Other effects of the Oscan substratum are postulated too, although substratum claims are highly controversial.

... our opponent claims that the agent of the burning is the fire exclusively ;’ this is a natural, not a voluntary agent, and cannot abstain from what is in its nature when it is brought into contact with a receptive substratum.