To break hold of the resurgent Democratic Party in the Solid South, Garfield cautiously gave senatorial patronage privilege to Virginia Senator William Mahone of the biracial independent Readjuster Party.

Gen. William Mahone.

Gen. William Mahone.

Gen. William Mahone, gathered as many troops together as they could for a counterattack.

After the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), William Mahone, a civil engineer and hero of the Battle of the Crater, was the driving force in the linkage of 3 railroads, including the V & T, across the southern tier of Virginia to form the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad ( AM & O ), a new line extending from Norfolk to Bristol, Virginia in 1870.

William Mahone ( 1826 – 1895 ), a railroad builder and U. S. Senator, was born in the tiny community of Monroe, which was located on the Nottoway River about south of present-day Courtland.

William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, while Otelia Mahone served as a nurse in Richmond.

A large portion of U. S. Route 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named in honor of General William Mahone.

After the Civil War, under the leadership of former Confederate General William " Billy " Mahone, the Southside Railroad was rebuilt, and in 1870, was combined with the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form Mahone's Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad ( AM & O ), which stretched 400 miles across the southern tier of Virginia from Norfolk on Hampton Roads to Bristol.

In 1847, after being a member of the first graduating class of Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ), William " Little Billy " Mahone ( 1826 – 1895 ) of Southampton County began teaching at Rappahannock Academy in Caroline County.

The town was also the boyhood home of Confederate Major General William Mahone, whose father, Fielding Mahone, ran a tavern.

General George H. Thomas, " Rock of Chickamauga ", and a native of Southampton County, was a Union general and graduate of the United States Military Academy, likely visited his uncle James Rochelle, clerk of court for Southampton County, located just three houses away from Mahone's Tavern, home of William Mahone.

Popular legend has it that William Mahone ( 1826 – 1895 ), builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad ( now Norfolk Southern ), and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone ( 1837 – 1911 ), traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations.

William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and later, a Senator in the United States Congress.

The Confederate forces did in fact take over the shipyard, and did so without armed conflict through an elaborate ruse orchestrated by civilian railroad builder William Mahone ( then President of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad and soon to become a famous Confederate officer ).

Following the American Civil War, William Mahone ( 1826 – 1895 ) of Petersburg, Virginia was the driving force in 1870 to combine the Norfolk and Petersburg, South Side and the Virginia & Tennessee railroads to form the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad ( AM & O ).

For the next seven years, he attended Virginia schools including Rappahannock Academy where his teachers included eventual U. S. Senator William Mahone.

: 1883-1887: William Mahone ( RA / R-VA )

William Mahone ( 1826 – 1895 ), a Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) engineering graduate of the class of 1847, was hired by Dr. Francis Mallory build the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad beginning in 1853 and eventually became its president in the pre-Civil War era.

Popular legend has it that Otelia and William Mahone traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations along the tangent between Suffolk and Petersburg from Ivanhoe a book she was reading written by Sir Walter Scott.

The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel William Leake in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Hyampolis.

The office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709, after which the office was almost permanently in commission ( the last Lord High Admiral being the future King William IV in the early 19th century ).

Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.

It grew out of the Whig Party in 1859, and William Gladstone carried the party through governments in the late 19th century.

During the 19th century the Liberal Party was broadly in favour of what would today be called classical liberalism: supporting laissez-faire economic policies such as free trade and minimal government interference in the economy ( this doctrine was usually termed ' Gladstonian Liberalism ' after the Victorian era Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone ).

Herbert Spencer in Britain and William Graham Sumner were the leading neo-classical liberal theorists of the 19th century.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, John Horace Round and Frederic William Maitland, both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions as to the character of English society before the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Opened during the 1880s and originally located at 11th Street and University Place, called the Hotel St. Stephan and then after 1902, called The Hotel Albert while under the ownership of William Ryder it served as a meeting place, restaurant and dwelling for several important artists and writers from the late 19th century well into the 20th century.

Francis William Newman expressed the critical view common in the early 19th Century, that if the Hittites existed at all " no Hittite king could have compared in power to the King of Judah ...".

However, the word scientist is relatively recent — first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century.

A good general guide to the commercial activities on Dartmoor at the end of the 19th century is William Crossing's The Dartmoor Worker.

In a comment on the arguments of the 1830s, William Whewell coined the term uniformitarianism to describe Lyell's version of the ideas, contrasted with the catastrophism of those who supported the early 19th century concept that geological ages recorded a series of catastrophes followed by repopulation by a new range of species.

Studies of Charles Darwin's notebooks have shown that Darwin arrived separately at the idea of natural selection which he set out in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, but it has been speculated that he may have had some half-forgotten memory from his time as a student in Edinburgh of ideas of selection in nature as set out by Hutton, and by William Charles Wells and Patrick Matthew who had both been associated with the city before publishing their ideas on the topic early in the 19th century.

This interest in the " Arthur of romance " and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th, and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne-Jones.

Later 19th century historians such as William Forbes Skene brought new standards of accuracy to early Scottish history, while Celticists such as Whitley Stokes and Kuno Meyer cast a critical eye over Welsh and Irish sources.

Famous visitors to Luxembourg in the 18th and 19th centuries included the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the French writers Emile Zola and Victor Hugo, the composer Franz Liszt, and the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner.

This situation continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including in the work of Michael William Balfe, and the operas of the great Italian composers, as well as those of Mozart, Beethoven and Meyerbeer, continued to dominate the musical stage in England.

This objection was tendered by William Hazlitt and Thomas Macaulay in the 19th century, and has been restated many times since.

For a time during the 19th century pantheism was the theological viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in Britain ; Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in Germany ; Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the USA.

Since 1721, every head of the Sovereign's government – with one exception in the 18th century ( William Pitt the Elder ) and one in the 19th ( Lord Salisbury ) – has been First Lord of the Treasury.

It was invented by the Scottish engineer William Murdoch in the 19th century and was later developed by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company.

In the 19th century, there were still British prime ministers who spoke with some regional features, such as William Ewart Gladstone.

William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early 19th century.

The conflict thesis, which holds that religion and science have been in conflict continuously throughout history, was popularized in the 19th century by John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White.

Thomas Bowdler (; 11 July 1754 – 24 February 1825 ) was an English physician and philanthropist, best known for publishing The Family Shakspeare, an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's work, edited by his sister Henrietta Maria Bowdler, intended to be more appropriate for 19th century women and children than the original.