* Sokolova, A. N., ‘ Zhanrovaya klassifikatsiya adigskikh narodnikh pesen of Circassian National Songs ’, in Kultura i bit adigov Culture and Way of Life of the Circassians, The Adigean Science and Research Institute, Maikop, issue 6, 1986.

The final track " Nova gratzka pesen " features a tango rhythm mixed with heavy guitars and very cynical lyrics.

* NART TV ( National Adiga Radio & Television ) ( English & Circassian ), Jordan

* Diskografiya adigskoi narodnoi muziki of Circassian National Music, Maikop, 1998. book on about 400 gramophone records issued in the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the 1980s

* labialized voiceless uvular fricative ( Listen ) ( in Circassian, Abkhaz, Archi, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wari ’, Chipewyan, Oowekyala )

Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality, Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals and Music.

* Jaimoukha, Amjad, Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals & Music ( Kabardian, Cherkess, Adigean, Shapsugh & Diaspora ), Bennett and Bloom, 2010.

* Jaimoukha, Amjad, Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals & Music ( Kabardian, Cherkess, Adigean, Shapsugh & Diaspora ), Bennett and Bloom, 2010.

* Circassian Day of Mourning ( Circassians )

An Adyghe people | Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort which built over a Shapsug ian village that aim to free the Circassian Coast from the occupiers in 1840 during the Russian-Circassian War | Circassians Resistance

A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Legentilhomme | Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city, escorted by French Circassians | Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ).

They are escorted by Vichy French Circassians | Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ).

* Most of the population was expelled from their country in the late 19th century after the Russian – Circassian War in what amounted to ethnic cleansing of Circassians.

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimates that there are as many as 3. 7 million " ethnic Circassians " in the diaspora outside the Circassian republics ( meaning that only one in seven " ethnic Circassians " is a speaker of the Circassian language ), of whom about 2 million live in the Republic of Turkey, 700, 000 in the Russian Federation, about 150, 000 in the Middle East, and about 50, 000 in western countries ( Europe and USA ).

And it was depicted in the Circassian Folklore ( know to Circassians as Ghebzah ) with the name ( istambelak ' kwa ).

The Abu Darweesh Mosque was built in 1961 by the Circassians | Circassian community which came to settle in Amman

In 1802 " the Balm of Mecca " was also marketed as being used by Circassians: " This delicate as well as fragrant composition has been long celebrated as the summit of cosmetics by all the Circassian and Georgian women in the seraglio of the Grand Sultan ".

They are escorted by French Gardes Tcherkess ( Circassians | Circassian cavalry ).

* CCI ( Circassian Cultural Institute ) ( English )

Tevfik Esenç ( 1904 – October 7, 1992 ) was a Circassian exile in Turkey and the last known fully competent speaker of the Ubykh language.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

For instance, an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest coast is that historical * has become palatalized in many languages, so that Saanich for example has and but no plain ; similarly, historical * in the Northwest Caucasian languages became palatalized to in Ubykh and in most Circassian dialects.

The day is designated the Circassian Day of Mourning.

* May 21 – The Russian Empire commits the Circassian Genocide.

It was through the Kabardians ( an East Circassian tribe ) that Islam was introduced into the region in the 17th century.

His father was Sultan Abdülmecid I and mother was Gülüstü ( 1831 – May 1861 ), a Circassian.

It is known that they inherited a lifestyle that persisted there long before, such as those of the Turkic Cumans and the Circassian Kassaks.

The Ibero-Caucasian group would also include three extinct languages: Hattic, which has been connected by some linguists to the Northwest ( Circassian ) family, and Hurrian and Urartian, which have been connected to the Northeast ( Nakh – Dagestanian ) family.

There are five recognized languages in the Northwest Caucasian family: Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabardian or East Circassian, Adyghe or West Circassian, and Ubykh.

Circassian ( or Cherkess ) is a cover term for the series of dialects that include the literary languages of Adyghe and Kabardian.

It has two major dialects, called Kabardian and Cherkess ( Circassian ); Kabardian itself has several dialects, including Terek, the literary standard, and Besleney, which is intelligible with both Terek and Adyghe.

Some scholars have seen affinities between the Northwest Caucasian ( Circassian ) family and the extinct Hattic language.

In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the Sochi River as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of seventeen fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance.

She was laid down in 1861, renamed HMS Circassian in 1862 but cancelled in 1863.

* was an ironclad sloop ordered as HMS Circassian, but renamed in 1862.

Three small families are spoken in the Caucasus: Kartvelian languages, such as Georgian ; Northeast Caucasian ( Dagestanian languages ), such as Chechen ; and Northwest Caucasian, such as Circassian.

Tsherim Soobzokov ( 24 August 1924 – 6 September 1985 ) was a Circassian man accused of collaborating with the Nazis during the invasion of the USSR and serving as a Waffen-SS officer.

A soldier of slave origin, from Turkic tribes like Cuman or Kipchak and later Circassian and Georgian.

When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, Mamluk Emir Baibars (, Circassian: Bipars, a common Circassian name which means the frontier defending warrior ) left Damascus for Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.

It was particularly associated with orientalist accounts of women enslaved in Middle Eastern harems, such as the so-called Circassian beauties.

The name Ubykh is derived from, its name in the Abdzakh Adyghe ( Circassian ) language.

Nevertheless, Circassian calligraphy, as the author calls his work, not an alternative to state alphabets.

Born in the city of Meknes to Sultan Hassan I and his fifth wife " Ruqiya ", a Circassian lady from Istanbul and was the youngest of King Hassan I sons.