Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.

In Zimbabwe, during the hyperinflation of the Zimbabwe dollar, many automated teller machines and payment card machines struggled with arithmetic overflow errors as customers required many billions and trillions of dollars at one time.

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe revalued on 1 August 2006 at a ratio of 1 000 ZWD to each second dollar ( ZWN ), but year-to-year inflation rose by June 2007 to 11, 000 % ( versus an earlier estimate of 9, 000 %).

Cronje top scored with 56 after South Africa were left reeling at 21-5 in the Final of the triangular tournament which featured England and Zimbabwe.

Its wealth came from controlling the trade in ivory from the Limpopo Valley, copper from the mountains of northern Transvaal, and gold from the Zimbabwe Plateau between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers, with the Swahili merchants at Chibuene.

These building techniques were enhanced and came into maturity at Great Zimbabwe, represented by the wall of the Great Enclosure.

Pottery belonging to a western stream of Bantu expansion ( sometimes called Kalundu ) has been found at sites in northeastern Zimbabwe, dated from the seventh century.

This Kalanaga state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom's capital of Great Zimbabwe.

In November 2008 the Air Force of Zimbabwe was sent, after some police officers began refusing orders to shoot the illegal miners at Marange diamond fields.

Kathleen Kenyon's first field experience was as a photographer for the pioneering excavations at Great Zimbabwe in 1929, led by Gertrude Caton-Thompson.

The Save ( Sabi ) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over, and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi.

Subsequently, the Lancaster House talks were held and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election.

Although officially denied by the Nigerian government, Nigeria is known to have also provided secret military training at the Kaduna first mechanized army division and provided other material support to Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe's guerrilla forces during the Rhodesian Bush War ( Renamed Zimbabwe in 1979 ) of independence against white minority rule of Prime Minister Ian Douglas Smith which was armed and financed by the regime in South Africa.

Led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, it endured as an unrecognized state under white rule for the next 14 years, with majority rule coming in 1979 with the Internal Settlement between Smith's government and moderate black nationalists, the associated multiracial elections and the reconstitution of the country as Zimbabwe Rhodesia, with Bishop Abel Muzorewa at the helm of a coalition cabinet comprising 12 blacks and five whites.

By January 1837, an alliance of 107 Boers, sixty Rolong, and forty Coloured men, organised as a commando under the leadership of Potgieter and Gert Maritz, attacked Mzilikazi's settlement at Mosega, which suffered heavy losses, and early in 1838 Mzilikazi fled north beyond the Limpopo ( to current day Zimbabwe ), never to return to the Transvaal.

His ' quiet diplomacy ' in Zimbabwe, however, is blamed for protracting the survival of Robert Mugabe's regime at the cost of thousands of lives and intense economic pressure on Zimbabwe's neighbours.

* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone.

* Construction at Great Zimbabwe begins ( approximate date ).

The city sits on the one of the higher parts of the Highveld plateau of Zimbabwe at an elevation of 1483 metres ( 4865 feet ).

The first section of the “ Peace Park ” initiative which links with Kruger Park in South Africa, and Gonarezhou in Zimbabwe, was project aimed at the development of tourism.

Vasco da Gama's companion Tomé Lopes reasoned that Ophir would have been the ancient name for Great Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe, the main center of sub-African trade in gold in the Renaissance period — though the ruins at Great Zimbabwe are now dated to the medieval era, long after Solomon is said to have lived.

Zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation ( see Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe ), with the annualized rate at about 24, 000 % in July 2008 ( prices doubling every 46 days ).

Botswana has land boundaries of combined length, of which the constituent boundaries are shared with Namibia, for ; South Africa ; Zimbabwe, and Zambia, less than.

In the 2000s Zimbabwe's economy began to deteriorate due to various factors, including mismanagement and corruption, the imposition of sanctions, such as among others the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001, following the switch from Willing Buyer, Willing Seller to Fast Track land reform.

Muluzi took an active role in SADC on issues such as the global coalition against terrorism and land reform in Zimbabwe.

* January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: the United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola ( most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia )

In 1890 the British government made an ultimatum delivered on 11 January 1890, to Portugal, forcing the retreat of Portuguese military forces in the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola ( most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia ).

During the land crisis in Zimbabwe, where the government by force confiscated white farmers ' land using violent methods, fears arose among the white minority and the western world that the same method would be used in Namibia.

On dry land, going from west to east, the country shares long borders with Namibia and Botswana, touches Zimbabwe, has a longitudinal strip of border with Mozambique to the east, and lastly curves in around Swaziland before rejoining Mozambique's southern border.

Since the 1990s, the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the land reform movement in Zimbabwe.

In more recent times, electoral mobilization and the use of land as a patronage resource have been proposed as possible motivations for land reform efforts, such as the extensive redistributive land reforms of Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe, again, is a commonly cited example of the perils of such large-scale reforms, whereby land redistribution contributed to economic decline and increased food insecurity in the country.

In the modern world and in the aftermath of colonialism and the Industrial Revolution, land reform has occurred around the world, from the Mexican Revolution ( 1917 ; the revolution began in 1910 ) to Communist China to Bolivia ( 1952, 2006 ) to Zimbabwe and Namibia.

: As of early 2006, the ANC government announced that it will start expropriating the land, although according to the country's chief land-claims commissioner, Tozi Gwanya, unlike Zimbabwe there will be compensation to those whose land is expropriated, " but it must be a just amount, not inflated sums.

On 6 November 1997 Short sent a letter to Kumbirai Kangai, Minister of Agriculture in Zimbabwe, in which she stated that " we do not accept that Britain has a special responsibility to meet the costs of land purchase in Zimbabwe ".

It was replaced as the national anthem of Zimbabwe in 1994 by Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe ( Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe ), but remains very popular in the country.

* Land reform in Zimbabwe

* Land reform in Zimbabwe ( although directed towards a minority )

The controversial land reform program that was kicked off in Zimbabwe, followed by the September 11, 2001 attacks, propelled it to its weakest historical level of R 13, 84 to the dollar in December 2001.

Land reform in Zimbabwe officially began in 1979 with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement, an effort to more equitably distribute land between the historically disenfranchised blacks and the minority-whites who ruled Zimbabwe from 1890 to 1979.

At Lancaster House the British Government made clear that the long-term requirements of land reform in Zimbabwe were beyond the capacity of any individual donor country.

: Since independence we have provided 44 million pounds for land reform in Zimbabwe and 500 million pounds in bilateral development assistance.

* Zimbabwe has 560, 000-960, 000 IDPs due to political violence, major land reform and an economic collapse of the country.

# REDIRECT Land reform in Zimbabwe

The concept is also occasionally used in reference to the land reform programme undertaken by the Government of Zimbabwe since 2000 ( so-called Third Chimurenga, or Chidudu-The Fear ).

* Land reform in Zimbabwe

* Land reform in Zimbabwe

For example, it was hoped that land reform in Zimbabwe would transfer land from European land owners to family farmers.

( See Land reform in Zimbabwe )

* IRIN News Zimbabwe: Land reform omits farm workers Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003.