To see how important this economy is, let us suppose that there are M operating variables at each stage and that the state is specified by N variables ; ;

Six radiomen told how, twice on two days after the ring was nabbed, a transmitter near Moscow was heard calling, using signals, times and wavelengths specified on codes found hidden in cigaret lighters in Lonsdale's apartment and the Krogers' house and also fastened to the transmitter lid.

The extension ψ is in general not uniquely specified by φ, and the proof gives no explicit method as to how to find ψ: in the case of an infinite dimensional space V, it depends on Zorn's lemma, one formulation of the axiom of choice.

This was followed by the Federal Information Processing Standards 201 ( FIPS 201 ), which specified how the federal government should implement personal identity verification.

The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an engineer needs to know, everything going on in a mixture of millions of billions of billions of particles can often be described by just a few variables like pressure, temperature, and concentration.

Although the ancient Vedas of India specified how the ecliptic was to be divided into twenty-eight nakshatra, Indian constellation patterns were ultimately borrowed from Greek ones sometime after Alexander's conquests in Asia in the 4th century BC.

The gold standard variously specified how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of specie per currency unit.

In general, players of lower academic standing than specified can compete ; there is a debate about how much more experienced players should be involved ( analogous to the hypothetical question of whether NBA players should be able to play college games, or even high school games ).

As a transmitting antenna, the figure describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction.

As a receiving antenna, the figure describes how well the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power.

Rulings specified how war could be waged, and breaches of this could be punished by fines or by war.

In modern Western square dancing many calls have been given formally specified durations, based partly on direct observation of how long it takes an average dancer to execute them.

In addition, he had mentioned a gun count and compiled a hit list of individuals he wished to target ( although no overall plan detailing how he intended to attack targets he had specified was ever posted upon the site ).

Solving it for the wavefunction can be used to predict how the particles will behave under the influence of the specified potential and with each other.

Their proposal specified the process by which a President could be declared disabled, thereby making the Vice President an Acting President, and how the President could regain the powers of his office.

" Netanyahu then explained how he conditioned his signing of the 1997 Hebron agreement on American consent that there be no withdrawals from " specified military locations ", and insisted he be allowed to specify which areas constituted a " military location "— such as the whole of the Jordan Valley.

This is specified by describing how the cylinder ( the meridian that is most different from the spherical power ) differs from the spherical power.

In each case, linearity defines how well the device's actual performance across a specified operating range approximates a straight line.

In the tradition of the classical Marxists, Mandel tried to characterize the nature of the modern epoch as a whole, with reference to the main laws of motion of capitalism specified by Marx ; and to show how the same forces which boosted profitability after the world war must ultimately turn into their dialectical opposites, and cause its decline.

On 1 April 1934, the UCI published a new definition of a racing bicycle that specified how high the bottom bracket could be above the ground, how far it could be in front of the seat and how close it could be to the front wheel.

Quantum indeterminacy can also be illustrated in terms of a particle with a definitely measured momentum for which there must be a fundamental limit to how precisely its location can be specified.

Mind control experiments in the Soviet Union, North Korea and China proved how far false-memory syndrome can go in the control of combat troops, who may come under orders to violate the rules of war specified under the Geneva Convention.

Careful treatments of point hypotheses for subsets of parameters do consider them as composite hypotheses and study how the p-value for a fixed critical value of the test statistic varies with the parameters that are not specified by the null hypothesis.

Another calculation is made of the angle of incidence of light rays from the light source ( s ), and from these as well as the specified intensities of the light sources, the value of the pixel is calculated.

On the Macintosh, fonts were originally stored in hand-tuned bitmap font files that specified individual pixel locations for a font at a particular size.

They are often a combination of aspect ratio ( specified as width-to-height ratio ), display resolution ( specified as the width and height in pixels ), color depth ( measured in bits per pixel ), and refresh rate ( expressed in hertz ).

* The VNC protocol ( RFB ) is very simple, based on one graphic primitive from server to client (" Put a rectangle of pixel data at the specified X, Y position ") and event messages from client to server.

While the bitmap specified the state of individual pixels ( either on or off ), the color information ( or " attributes ") corresponded to the text character matrix — 24 rows of 32 columns — with one byte per 8x8 pixel character cell.

However, the pixel density, usually specified in pixels per degree or in arcminutes per pixel, is also used to determine visual acuity.

The AND mask is 1 bit per pixel, regardless of the color depth specified by the BMP header, and specifies which pixels are fully transparent and which are fully opaque.

The XOR mask conforms to the bit depth specified in the BMP header and specifies the numerical color or palette value for each pixel.

Sometimes pixel noise as the average deviation from the array average under different illumination and temperature conditions is specified.

To this end, tables and spacers ( usually transparent single pixel GIF images with explicitly specified width and height ) have been used to create and maintain page layout.

The default level of resolution for motion estimation for most MPEG-4 ASP implementations is half a pixel, although quarter pixel is specified under the standard.

The alpha component may be used to blend to red, green and blue components equally, as in 32-bit RGBA, or, alternatively, there may be three alpha values specified corresponding to each of the primary colors for spectral color filtering.

A GUT model basically consists of a gauge group which is a compact Lie group, a connection form for that Lie group, a Yang-Mills action for that connection given by an invariant symmetric bilinear form over its Lie algebra ( which is specified by a coupling constant for each factor ), a Higgs sector consisting of a number of scalar fields taking on values within real / complex representations of the Lie group and chiral Weyl fermions taking on values within a complex rep of the Lie group.

GM-compatible devices are required to respond to velocity, aftertouch, and pitch bend, to be set to specified default values at startup, and to support certain controller numbers and Registered Parameter Numbers.

Inputs are usually specified syntactically in the form of arguments and the outputs delivered as return values.

In these above examples, the distributions of the random variables are completely specified by the type of distribution, i. e. Poisson or normal, and the parameter values, i. e. mean and variance.

Random variables can be classified as either discrete ( i. e. it may assume any of a specified list of exact values ) or as continuous ( i. e. it may assume any numerical value in an interval or collection of intervals ).

Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm ( 1 mΩ

A table data structure is specified as a list of column definitions, each of which specifies a unique column name and the type of the values that are permitted for that column.

In certain designs that use specialized analog fab processes, wafers are also laser-trimmed during test, to achieve tightly-distributed resistance values as specified by the design.

Optional values are specified with and each field must appear in the order shown below.

However, typical availability values are specified in decimal ( such as 0. 9998 ).

Analog filters consist of imperfect electronic components, whose values are specified to a limit tolerance ( e. g. resistor values often have a tolerance of +/- 5 %) and which may also change with temperature and drift with time.

The model consists of an infinite series of the elements shown in the figure, and that the values of the components are specified per unit length so the picture of the component can be misleading.

Smaller alleles also tend to increase in size, whereas larger alleles tend to decrease in size, as they may be subject to an upper size limit ; this constraint has been determined but possible values have not yet been specified.

A simple-vs-simple hypotheses test has completely specified models under both the null and alternative hypotheses, which for convenience are written in terms of fixed values of a notional parameter:

Typically, debuggers also offer more sophisticated functions such as running a program step by step ( single-stepping or program animation ), stopping ( breaking ) ( pausing the program to examine the current state ) at some event or specified instruction by means of a breakpoint, and tracking the values of variables.

In numerical analysis, a quadrature rule is an approximation of the definite integral of a function, usually stated as a weighted sum of function values at specified points within the domain of integration.

A range of numeric values may be specified through the use of a hyphen (“”).

Both IDs are specified as numeric values ( as to be found in the < tt >/ etc / passwd </ tt > file ).

They were conditional jump operations based on the values in the decrement registers specified in the tag field.

When the data are dependent for their values on a particular coordinate system, the date of that coordinate system needs to be specified directly or indirectly.

They were conditional jump operations based on the values in the decrement registers specified in the tag field.

However, fifteen five-character fields in fixed locations in low memory could be treated as index registers, whose values could be added to the address specified in an instruction.