With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

An exception to this general tendency is his Latin treatise " De falconibus " ( later inserted in the larger work, De Animalibus, as book 23, chapter 40 ), in which he displays impressive actual knowledge of a ) the differences between the birds of prey and the other kinds of birds ; b ) the different kinds of falcons ; c ) the way of preparing them for the hunt ; and d ) the cures for sick and wounded falcons.

Chanakya ( c. 350 – 283 BC ) wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra.

* Boethius ( c. 480 – 524 ), who also wrote a theological treatise On the Trinity, repeated the Macrobian model of the Earth in the center of a spherical cosmos in his influential, and widely translated, Consolation of Philosophy.

* The monk Bede ( c. 672 – 735 ) wrote in his influential treatise on computus, The Reckoning of Time, that the Earth was round (' not merely circular like a shield spread out like a wheel, but resembl more a ball '), explaining the unequal length of daylight from " the roundness of the Earth, for not without reason is it called ' the orb of the world ' on the pages of Holy Scripture and of ordinary literature.

Euclid ( c. 325-265 BC ), of Alexandria, probably a student of one of Plato ’ s students, wrote a treatise in 13 books ( chapters ), titled The Elements of Geometry, in which he presented geometry in an ideal axiomatic form, which came to be known as Euclidean geometry.

Even earlier than this collection, it is referred to by Procopius of Gaza ( c. 465-528 ), and Methodius appeals to Justin in support of his interpretation of 1 Corinthians 15: 50 in a way which makes it natural to assume the existence of a treatise on the subject, to say nothing of other traces of a connection in thought both here, in Irenaeus ( V., ii .- xiii.

The method of comparing hardness by seeing which minerals can scratch others, however, is of great antiquity, having first been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise On Stones, c. 300 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, c. 77 AD.

In addition to the Mahābhāṣya and Yoga Sūtras, the 11th-century commentary on Charaka by the Bengali scholar Cakrapāṇidatta, and the 16th c. text Patanjalicarita ascribes to Patañjali a medical text called the Carakapratisaṃskṛtaḥ ( now lost ) which is apparently a revision ( pratisaṃskṛtaḥ ) of the medical treatise by Caraka.

* c. 1000 – Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir.

The Ebers papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) features a treatise on the heart.

* 190 BC – Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as " The Great Geometer ," whose treatise " Conics " is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world ( b. c. 262 BC )

* Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as " The Great Geometer ," whose treatise " Conics " is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world ( b. c. 262 BC )

* Heliodorus of Larissa, c. 3rd century, author of an extant treatise on optics

Persian and Arab astronomers produced an improved version of the Greek armillary sphere in the 8th century, and wrote about it in the treatise of Dhat al-Halaq or The instrument with the rings by the Persian astronomer Fazari ( d. c. 777 ).

2-18 ( on the ork Περὶ Μισϑῶν cited in this treatise see Massebieau, l. c.

Euclid's Elements ( Stoicheia ) is a mathematical and geometric treatise consisting of 13 books written by the Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria c. 300 BC.

Competent in Latin, French and Italian, he translated Andrea Pozzo's treatise on perspective as Rules and Examples of Perspective, proper for Painters and Architects ( 1707, 2nd edition c. 1725 ) and from the French of Claude Perrault, A Treatise of the Five Orders of Columns in Architecture ( 1708 ), and from the French of Dezallier d ' Argenville, The Theory and Practice of Gardening ( 1712, 2nd edition 1728, 3rd edition 1743.

This was due to the dominance of the geocentric model developed by Ptolemy ( c. 83-161 AD ), a Hellenized astronomer from Roman Egypt, in his Almagest treatise.

Aristotle's Poetics ( Greek:, c. 335 BCE ) is the earliest-surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.

The first document to describe organum specifically, and give rules for its performance, was the Musica enchiriadis ( c. 895 ), a treatise traditionally ( and probably incorrectly ) attributed to Hucbald of St. Amand.

The word " Algorism ", comes from the name Al-Khwārizmī ( c. 780-850 ), a Persian mathematician, astronomer, a geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, whose name means " the native of Kharazm ", a city that was part of the Greater Iran during his era and now is in modern day Uzbekistan He wrote a treatise in Arabic language in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum.

The first mention of a dishonorable display of arms ( and the only one reliably attested in actual use ) was inverting the entire shield, first documented by Johannes de Bado Aureo in his heraldic treatise Tractatus de armis ( c. 1394 ).

In the 13th century, scientific inquiry was returning and this was manifest through the production of encyclopaedias ; those noted for their plant content included a treatise by Albertus Magnus ( c. 1193 – 1280 ) a Suabian educated at the University of Padua and tutor to St Thomas Aquinas.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

** Arab Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia ( mid 7th c. AD )

* c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.

* Ibn Tufail, Arab philosopher, physician, and courtier ( b. c. 1105 )

The History of Jordan starts with evidence of human activity in Jordan in the Paleolithic period ( c. 90, 000 BC ), continues with the Muslim empires starting in the 7th century, the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, the Great Arab Revolt and the British mandate of Transjordan in the early 20th century, and goes on to the present day with the establishing of the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946.

The city was finally destroyed by the Arab invasion of Mesopotamia and abandoned c 700 AD.

Philip the Arab (; c. 204 – 249 ), also known as Philip or Philippus Arabs, was Roman Emperor from 244 to 249.

* Philip the Arab ( c. 204 – 249 ), Roman Emperor

The Slave Market ( c. 1884 ), painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, an Orientalism | Orientalist conception of the Arab sex slave market.

Haj Mohammed Effendi Amin el-Husseini (, Muhammad Amin al-Husayni ; born c. 1897 ; died 4 July 1974 ) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine.

The kingdom occupied an area on what is now the border between Syria and Turkey. This kingdom was established by The Nabataeans or Arab tribes from North Arabia, and lasted nearly four centuries ( c. 132 BC to 214 AD ), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves " king " on their coinage

Gerard of Cremona (; Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis ) ( c. 1114 – 1187 ) was an Italian translator of Arabic scientific works found in the abandoned Arab libraries of Toledo, Spain.

(, ) ( c. 801 – 873 CE ), known as " the Philosopher of the Arabs ", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician.

This kingdom was established by Nabataean or Arab tribes from North Arabia, and lasted nearly four centuries ( c. 132 BC to 214 ), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves " king " on their coinage.

The first water clocks to employ complex segmental and epicyclic gearing was invented earlier by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Islamic Iberia c. 1000.

Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus ( died c. 248 ) was a usurper in the Danube area of the Roman Empire during the time of Philip the Arab.

According to the legend, in c. 714, during the Muslim conquest of Hispania, seven Christian bishops of Visigothic Hispania, led by the Bishop of Porto, embarked with their parishioners on ships and set sail westward into the Atlantic Ocean to escape the Arab conquerors.

Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah (; c. 1760 – 1826 ) was an Arab ruler in the Persian Gulf and was described by his contemporary, the English traveller and author, James Silk Buckingham, as ‘ the most successful and the most generally tolerated pirate, perhaps, that ever infest any sea .’

Akhtal ( Ghiyath ibn Ghawth al-Taghlibi al-Akhtal ) ( c. 640-710 ) was one of the most famous Arab poets of the Umayyad period.

File: An Arab Sheik Bonnat. jpg | An Arab Sheik ( c. 1870 ) Walters Art Museum

Hammam ibn Ghalib Abu Firas, () commonly known as al-Farazdaq () ( Arabicized form of Persian Parāzda پرازده: " lump of dough ") ( c. 641-c. 728-730 ) was an Arab poet.